Berry A, Collacchi B, Masella R, Varì R, Cirulli F.Curcuma Longa, the “Golden Spice” to Counteract Neuroinflammaging and Cognitive Decline—What Have We Learned and What Needs to Be Done.Nutrients. 2021; 13(5):1519. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051519

Publication Date: Published: 30 April 2021

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "This review highlights current knowledge on the potential effects of this natural compound on cognition."

Methodology: Literature review of preclinical and clinical studies on curcumin's effects.

Sample Size: Not applicable (review study).

Controls Used: Not applicable (review study).

Dose Used: Not applicable (review study).

Statistical Significance Declared: Not applicable (review study).

Adverse Events: "Its relatively low bioavailability, poor water solubility and rapid metabolism/excretion have hampered clinical trials."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare no conflict."

Fabianowska-Majewska K, Kaufman-Szymczyk A, Szymanska-Kolba A, Jakubik J, Majewski G, Lubecka K. Curcumin from Turmeric Rhizome: A Potential Modulator of DNA Methylation Machinery in Breast Cancer Inhibition.Nutrients. 2021; 13(2):332. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020332

Publication Date: "Published: 23 January 2021"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "This review provides a comprehensive discussion of potential epigenetic mechanisms of curcumin in reversing altered patterns of DNA methylation in breast cancer."

Methodology: Review of current literature and studies on the effects of curcumin on DNA methylation and cancer.

Sample Size: Not applicable (review study)

Controls Used: Not applicable (review study)

Dose Used: "Even upon the oral exposure of 10–12 g of curcumin, the detected plasma concentration of this polyphenol was low."

Statistical Significance Declared: Not applicable (review study)

Adverse Events: "Depicting only gastric disturbance."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare no conflict of interest."

Zhang Z, Chen Y, Xiang L, Wang Z, Xiao GG, Hu J. Effect of Curcumin on the Diversity of Gut Microbiota in Ovariectomized Rats.Nutrients. 2017; 9(10):1146. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9101146

Publication Date: Published: 19 October 2017

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "This study is the first to reveal the effect of curcumin on the diversity of gut microbiota in a menopausal rat model using high-throughput sequencing technology."

Methodology: "Female Wistar rats were subjected to either ovariectomy or a sham operation. The OVX rats were treated with vehicle or curcumin by oral gavage. After 12-week treatments, the weights of the bodies and uteri of rats were recorded, the levels of estradiol in the serum were assayed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay."

Sample Size: "18 virgin Wistar rats aged six months and weighing approximately 310 ± 20.0 g"

Controls Used: "The SHAM group"

Dose Used: "100 mg/kg/day by oral gavage"

Statistical Significance Declared: "p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant"

Adverse Events: None stated

Ahmadi Darmian M, Hoseini R, Amiri E, Golshani S. How Combined and Separate Aerobic Training and Turmeric Supplementation Alter Lipid Profile and Glycemic Status? A Clinical Trial in Middle-Aged Females with Type 2 Diabetes and Hyperlipidemia. Int Cardiovasc Res J. 2021;15(3):e118791.

Publication Date: 6 Oct 2021

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled trial"

Methodology: "participants in the AT group were required to exercise at home three times per week for eight weeks. All the training sessions were carried out under the supervision of exercise physiologists. The participants in the TS group consumed 2,100 mg powdered rhizome of turmeric daily for eight weeks."

Sample Size: "42 women with T2DM and hyperlipidemia"

Controls Used: "AT + placebo (AT; n = 10), TS (n = 11), and Control + placebo (C; n = 10)"

Dose Used: "2,100 mg powdered rhizome of turmeric daily for eight weeks"

Statistical Significance Declared: "The data were analyzed using paired sample t-test and Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA) followed by Bonferroni test at the signification level of 0.05."

Adverse Events: Not specifically mentioned in the provided text

Conflict of Interest: "The author(s) declare no conflict of interests and have received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article"

Mohamed N, Hussan F, Ibraheem NG, Kamarudin TA, Shuid AN, Soelaiman IN, Othman F. Curcumin Protects against Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Changes in Rat Model. *Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine*. 2012;2012:174916. doi:10.1155/2012/174916

Publication Date: "Published 30 August 2012"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled trial"

Methodology: "Thirty two female Sprague-Dawley rats were used to determine the potential effect of curcumin in prevention of bone loss following ovariectomy. The animals were divided into Sham group, ovariectomised control, ovariectomised treated with curcumin 110 mg/kg and ovariectomised treated with Premarin 100 μg/kg. The treatments were given via daily oral gavages for 60 days."

Sample Size: "32 three-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats"

Controls Used: "Sham group, ovariectomised control, ovariectomised treated with curcumin 110 mg/kg, and ovariectomised treated with Premarin 100 μg/kg"

Dose Used: "110 mg/kg body weight of curcumin"

Statistical Significance Declared: "The significant value was set at P < 0.05."

Adverse Events: "No reports of significant adverse effects with the consumption of 500 to 8,000 mg turmeric powder per day in humans."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests on the trademark of these agents."

Huerta JM, Farshbaf-Khalili A, Ostadrahimi A, Mirghafourvand M, Ataei-Almanghadim K, Dousti S, Iranshahi AM. Clinical Efficacy of Curcumin and Vitamin E on Inflammatory-Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Primary Symptoms of Menopause in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: A Triple-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. *Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism*. 2022:6339715. doi:10.1155/2022/6339715

Publication Date: June 9, 2022

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: triple-blind parallel randomized controlled trial

Methodology: 84 eligible postmenopausal women aged 40 to 60 years old were randomly assigned into three groups using block randomization with an allocation ratio of 1:1:1. The curcumin group received one capsule containing 500mg curcumin twice a day, the vitamin E group received one 500mg capsule of vitamin E twice a day, and the placebo group took two placebo capsules containing 500mg of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) daily for eight weeks.

Sample Size: 84 eligible postmenopausal women aged 40 to 60 years old

Controls Used: placebo group took two placebo capsules containing 500mg of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) daily

Dose Used: curcumin group received one capsule containing 500mg curcumin twice a day; vitamin E group received one 500mg capsule of vitamin E twice a day

Statistical Significance Declared: The mean±standard deviation (SD) score of total menopause symptoms, depression, anxiety, psychological, vasomotor, and physical domains significantly decreased within all groups (P<0.05); Serum levels of TAC significantly increased in curcumin and vitamin E groups (P<0.001 and P=0.006, respectively); The mean (SD) serum levels of MDA and hs-CRP significantly decreased only in the curcumin group (P=0.009 and P=0.025, respectively).

Adverse Events: Reported events included stomachache (two people in the placebo group, five people in the vitamin E group, and one person in the curcumin group), hypertension (one person in each of the curcumin and vitamin E groups), breast engorgement (one person in each of the vitamin E and placebo groups), headache, vomiting, diarrhea, allergy, and skin rash (one person in the vitamin E group).

Conflict of Interest: The trial was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences with ID code IR.TBZMED.REC.1399.035 and was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials.

Cabello-Verrugio C, Morrone MS, Schnorr CE, Behr GA, Gasparotto J, Bortolin RC, da Boit Martinello K, Saldanha Henkin B, Rabello TK, Zanotto-Filho A, Gelain DP, Moreira JCF. Curcumin Supplementation Decreases Intestinal Adiposity Accumulation, Serum Cholesterol Alterations, and Oxidative Stress in Ovariectomized Rats. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016:5719291. doi:10.1155/2016/5719291

Publication Date: First published: 23 November 2015

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: randomized controlled trial

Methodology: Female Wistar rats were divided into sham-operated or OVX groups, with OVX groups receiving either vehicle or curcumin (50 or 100 mg/kg/day) for 30 days. Body weight, uterine and adipose tissue weights, serum markers, and oxidative stress parameters were measured.

Sample Size: sham-operated group (n = 8) and one OVX group (n = 11) were treated with vehicle...the other two OVX groups received curcumin at 50 or 100 mg/Kg/day doses (n = 8/group)

Controls Used: Sham-operated group treated with vehicle (refined olive oil)

Dose Used: curcumin at 50 or 100 mg/Kg/day doses

Statistical Significance Declared: P < 0.05 were considered significant

Adverse Events: None declared

Conflict of Interest: The authors have declared that no conflict of interests exists

Akazawa N, Choi Y, Miyaki A, Tanabe Y, Sugawara J, Ajisaka R, Maeda S. Curcumin ingestion and exercise training improve vascular endothelial function in postmenopausal women. Nutrition Research. 2012;32(10):795-799. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2012.09.002.

Publication Date: Available online 15 October 2012

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: randomized controlled trial

Methodology: Subjects were assigned to control, exercise, or curcumin groups. Curcumin group ingested 150 mg of curcumin per day for 8 weeks. Exercise group underwent moderate aerobic exercise training for 8 weeks. Flow-mediated dilation was measured before and after interventions.

Sample Size: 32 postmenopausal women (control group n = 10, curcumin group n = 11, exercise group n = 11)

Controls Used: control group

Dose Used: 150 mg of curcumin per day

Statistical Significance Declared: P < .05

Adverse Events: "No adverse effects of curcumin were reported."

Conflict of Interest: "All procedures were reviewed and approved by the ethical committee of the University of Tsukuba."

Salekzamani, Y., Shakouri, S. K., Dolatkhah, N., Saleh, P., & Hashemian, M. (2023). The effect of ginger and curcumin co-supplementation in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a randomised, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. *Journal of Herbal Medicine*, 42, 100746. doi:10.1016/j.hermed.2023.100746

Publication Date: "Published 22 August 2023"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "randomised, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial"

Methodology: Randomly assigned patients to four groups, measuring BMD by DXA, and various biomarkers by ELISA and other assays, with follow-up calls and monthly in-person visits.

Sample Size: "n = 120"

Controls Used: "placebo matching for curcumin", "placebo matching for ginger", "double placebo"

Dose Used: "two daily ginger tablets plus two daily curcumin placebo tablets", "two daily curcumin tablets plus two daily ginger placebo tablets", "two daily ginger tablets plus two daily curcumin tablets"

Statistical Significance Declared: "Femur neck BMD significantly increased in GP (MC = 0.05 [95% CI: 0.02–0.08]), CP (MC = 0.07 [95% CI: 0.04–0.10]), and also ginger plus curcumin (MC= 0.05 [95% CI: 0.02–0.09])." "osteocalcin (mean change [MC] = −4.22 [−7.98 to −1.54]) and ALP (MC = −36.89 [−63.55 to −10.23]) decreased in the GC group compared to the PP group." "hs-CRP levels (MC = −0.41 [−0.64 to −0.25]) and increasing the TAC (MC = 1.19 [0.97–2.41]), and SOD levels (MC = 73.83 [25.58–133.24])."

Adverse Events: "No patient reported significant adverse events."

Conflict of Interest: Not stated in the provided text.

Akazawa N, Choi Y, Miyaki A, Tanabe Y, Sugawara J, Ajisaka R, Maeda S. Effects of curcumin intake and aerobic exercise training on arterial compliance in postmenopausal women. Artery Research. 2013;7(1):67-72. doi:10.1016/j.artres.2012.09.003

Publication Date: "Published on 26 September 2012."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "placebo-controlled study"

Methodology: Randomly assigned participants to groups; curcumin or placebo ingested for 8 weeks; exercise groups underwent moderate aerobic exercise for 8 weeks.

Sample Size: "n = 51"

Controls Used: "placebo"

Dose Used: Not explicitly stated in the provided text.

Statistical Significance Declared: Not explicitly stated in the provided text.

Adverse Events: Not stated in the provided text.

Conflict of Interest: "We have no financial, consultant, institutional and other relationships that might lead to bias or a conflict of interest."

Jakubczyk K, Drużga A, Katarzyna J, Skonieczna-Żydecka K. Antioxidant Potential of Curcumin-A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.Antioxidants (Basel). 2020;9(11):1092. Published 2020 Nov 6. doi:10.3390/antiox9111092

Publication Date: "Published: 6 November 2020"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "randomized controlled trial"

Methodology: PubMed and Embase searched for randomized clinical trials in >20 patients treated with curcumin supplements and randomized to placebo/no intervention/physical activity.

Sample Size: "A total of 308 participants"

Controls Used: "placebo"

Dose Used: "The average dose of curcumin administered was 645 mg/24 h."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Curcumin significantly increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (SMD = 2.696, Z = 2.003, CI = 95%, p = 0.045)" "There is a tendency to reduce MDA concentration after curcumin (SMD = −1.579, Z = −1.714, CI = 95%, p = 0.086)."

Adverse Events: Not stated in the provided text.

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare no conflict of interest."

Kim SW, Choi GY, Kim HB, Hwang ES, Lee S, Kim MJ, Choi JY, Lee SO, Kim SS, Park JH. Curcumin Alters Neural Plasticity and Viability of Intact Hippocampal Circuits and Attenuates Behavioral Despair and COX-2 Expression in Chronically Stressed Rats. Mediators of Inflammation. 2017;2017:6280925. doi:10.1155/2017/6280925

Publication Date: "2017"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "60-channel multielectrode array was applied on organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs)" "oral curcumin administration on rat behavior was assessed with the forced swim test (FST)" "protein expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were measured by Western blot in chronically stressed rats."

Methodology: "60-channel multielectrode array applied on OHSCs; curcumin administered orally to rats; FST performed; BDNF and COX-2 measured by Western blot."

Sample Size: "Sixteen rats at the age of 6 weeks were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 4/group)."

Controls Used: "Group 1 received 0.1% DMSO (10 mL/kg) and served as the sham; Group 2 was exposed to chronic stress and received 0.1% DMSO (10 mL/kg) as the control."

Dose Used: "Curcumin at a concentration of 50 mg/kg; Curcumin at a concentration of 100 mg/kg."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Treatment with 100 mg/kg curcumin significantly reduced immobility time by 48.8% compared to the control group (p < 0.05)." "BDNF protein levels increased by 78.0% and 95.1% compared to the control group (p < 0.001)." "COX-2 levels reduced by 236.6% and 262.7% compared to the control group (p < 0.001)." "fEPSP potentiated to 97.25[+ or -]2.69% (p < 0.05 versus control)."

Adverse Events: Not stated in the provided text.

Conflict of Interest: "The authors have no competing interests to declare."

Sarraf P, Parohan M, Javanbakht MH, Ranji-Burachaloo S, Djalali M. Short-term curcumin supplementation enhances serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor in adult men and women: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutr Res. 2019;69:1-8. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2019.05.001

Publication Date: "Published 9 May 2019"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "randomized control trials"

Methodology: Systematic review of randomized control trials, dose-response meta-analysis using random-effects model.

Sample Size: "A total of 139 participants"

Controls Used: "placebo"

Dose Used: "The daily oral curcumin supplementation dose varied from 200 to 1820 mg."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Curcumin supplementation significantly increased serum BDNF levels (weighted mean difference: 1789.38 pg/mL, 95% confidence interval: 722.04-2856.71, P < .01)."

Adverse Events: Not stated in the provided text.

Conflict of Interest: Not stated in the provided text.

Small, G. W., Siddarth, P., Li, Z., Miller, K. J., Ercoli, L., Emerson, N. D., Martinez, J., Wong, K.-P., Liu, J., Merrill, D. A., Chen, S. T., Henning, S. M., Satyamurthy, N., Huang, S.-C., Heber, D., & Barrio, J. R. (2018). Memory and Brain Amyloid and Tau Effects of a Bioavailable Form of Curcumin in Non-Demented Adults: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled 18-Month Trial. *The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry*, 26(3), 266–277. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2017.10.010

Publication Date: "Published: October 27, 2017"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "double-blind, placebo-controlled 18-month trial"

Methodology: Forty subjects randomized to curcumin or placebo for 18 months; primary outcomes were verbal and visual memory; attention was a secondary outcome; FDDNP-PET scans used to measure brain plaque and tangle accumulation.

Sample Size: "Forty subjects"

Controls Used: "Placebo"

Dose Used: "Theracurmin containing 90 mg of curcumin twice daily"

Statistical Significance Declared: "SRT Consistent Long-Term Retrieval improved with curcumin (ES = 0.63, p = 0.002) but not with placebo (ES = 0.06, p = 0.8; between-group: ES = 0.68, p = 0.05)." "Curcumin also improved SRT Total (ES = 0.53, p = 0.002), visual memory (BVMT-R Recall: ES = 0.50, p = 0.01; BVMT-R Delay: ES = 0.51, p = 0.006), and attention (ES = 0.96, p < 0.0001) compared with placebo (ES = 0.28, p = 0.1; between-group: ES = 0.67, p = 0.04)."

Adverse Events: "Four curcumin-treated subjects and two placebo-treated subjects experienced gastrointestinal side effects (transient abdominal pain, gastritis, or nausea). One subject receiving curcumin reported a temporary feeling of heat and pressure in the chest after FDDNP-PET scanning at baseline."

Conflict of Interest: Not stated in the provided text. 

Jiang S, Han J, Li T, et al. Curcumin as a potential protective compound against cardiac diseases.Pharmacol Res. 2017;119:373-383. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2017.03.001

Publication Date: "Available online 6 March 2017."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Curcumin as a potential protective compound against cardiac diseases"

Methodology: Review of studies involving curcumin's effects on cardiac diseases, including myocardial ischemia, diabetic cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, and doxorubicin-related cardiotoxicity.

Sample Size: Not explicitly stated in the provided text.

Controls Used: Not explicitly stated in the provided text.

Dose Used: Not explicitly stated in the provided text.

Statistical Significance Declared: Not explicitly stated in the provided text.

Adverse Events: "Curcumin almost produces no toxicity in humans compared to common anti-inflammatory drugs but may decrease white blood cell count, promote ulcer formation and intestinal bleeding."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare no conflict of interest."

Cox FF, Misiou A, Vierkant A, et al. Protective Effects of Curcumin in Cardiovascular Diseases-Impact on Oxidative Stress and Mitochondria.Cells. 2022;11(3):342. doi:10.3390/cells11030342

Publication Date: "20 January 2022"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "randomized controlled trial"

Methodology: Randomized controlled trial with parallel design, measuring carotid arterial compliance, serum SOD levels, inflammation markers, and brain amyloid and tau deposition using various assays and imaging techniques.

Sample Size: "Sample size was calculated as 26 women for each group. Considering the 10% loss to follow-up, the final sample size for each group was 30, and a total of 120 for the whole trial."

Controls Used: "placebo group"

Dose Used: "Participants in this group received two daily curcumin tablets, plus two daily ginger placebo tablets."

Statistical Significance Declared: "P = 0.028 and P = 0.017" for serum SOD levels, "P = 0.010 and P = 0.003" for serum SOD levels after adjusting for baseline measures.

Adverse Events: "No patient reported significant adverse events."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare no conflict of interest."

Giordano A, Tommonaro G. Curcumin and Cancer.Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2376. doi:10.3390/nu11102376

Publication Date: "Published: 5 October 2019."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Review"

Methodology: Summarizes findings from various studies on curcumin's effects on cancer, including in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies.

Sample Size: Not applicable (review article).

Controls Used: Not applicable (review article).

Dose Used: Varies across studies, with some studies mentioning "curcumin given orally at a dose of 8 g/day in humans."

Statistical Significance Declared: Not applicable (review article).

Adverse Events: "Significant diarrhea in two patients," "nausea," "diarrhea," "headache," "yellow stool."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare no conflict of interest."

Chen M, Du ZY, Zheng X, Li DL, Zhou RP, Zhang K. Use of curcumin in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.Neural Regen Res. 2018;13(4):742-752. doi:10.4103/1673-5374.230303

Publication Date: "Date: Apr. 2018"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "This review summarizes and describes the use of curcumin in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of Alzheimer's disease."

Methodology: Review of existing studies on curcumin’s role in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Sample Size: Not applicable (review article).

Controls Used: Not applicable (review article).

Dose Used: "Curcumin (7.5 mg/kg intravenously, 7 days)" in one study and "500 ppm of curcumin administered orally for 5 months" in another study.

Statistical Significance Declared: Not applicable (review article).

Adverse Events: None explicitly stated beyond the poor bioavailability.

Conflict of Interest: "Conflicts of interest: None declared."

Reddy PH, Manczak M, Yin X, et al. Protective Effects of Indian Spice Curcumin Against Amyloid-β in Alzheimer's Disease.J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;61(3):843-866. doi:10.3233/JAD-170512

Publication Date: "Published: 9 January 2018"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Review Article"

Methodology: Review of existing studies on curcumin’s effects on Alzheimer’s disease, including cellular, animal, and human models.

Sample Size: Not applicable (review article).

Controls Used: Not applicable (review article).

Dose Used: Not explicitly stated for all studies; mentions curcumin at various dosages in cellular and animal models.

Statistical Significance Declared: Not applicable (review article).

Adverse Events: "Curcumin impaired rotarod behavior in both WT and KI mice and climbing in WT mice."

Conflict of Interest: Not stated in the provided text.

Kou H, Huang L, Jin M, He Q, Zhang R, Ma J. Effect of curcumin on rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. *Frontiers in Immunology*. 2023;14. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1121655

Publication Date: "31 May 2023"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Systematic review and meta-analysis"

Methodology: Systematic review of 10 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on curcumin's effects on rheumatoid arthritis.

Sample Size: "539 rheumatoid arthritis patients"

Controls Used: "Non-curcumin supplements, such as standard clinical treatment, or placebo, were administered to the control group."

Dose Used: "250-1500 mg/day over 8-12 weeks"

Statistical Significance Declared: "ESR (MD = -29.47, 95% CI [-54.05, -4.88], Z=2.35, P = 0.02)", "CRP (MD = -0.93, 95% CI [-1.33, -0.53], Z = 4.54, P < 0.00001)", "DAS28 (MD = -1.20, 95% CI [-1.85, -0.55], Z=3.62, P = 0.0003)"

Adverse Events: "Slight adverse events such as signs of rash, diarrhea, and vomiting."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."

Ramaholimihaso T, Bouazzaoui F, Kaladjian A. Curcumin in Depression: Potential Mechanisms of Action and Current Evidence-A Narrative Review.Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:572533. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.572533

Publication Date: "Published: 27 November 2020"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Narrative Review"

Methodology: Review of existing studies on curcumin’s effects on depression, including animal models and clinical trials.

Sample Size: "A dozen randomized controlled clinical trials have indeed been conducted."

Controls Used: Not explicitly detailed, as this is a narrative review.

Dose Used: "Doses up to 12 g/day" were mentioned for tolerability.

Statistical Significance Declared: "Moderate to large effect sizes in those meta-analyses."

Adverse Events: "Mild side effects like yellow stool, headache, or diarrhea."

Conflict of Interest: "This work was supported by Institutional publishing funding."

Matias JN, Achete G, Campanari GSDS, et al. A systematic review of the antidepressant effects of curcumin: Beyond monoamines theory.Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2021;55(5):451-462. doi:10.1177/0004867421998795

Publication Date: "First published online March 5, 2021"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Systematic review"

Methodology: Review of 10 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating curcumin’s effects on depression.

Sample Size: "718 individuals were enrolled in the selected studies, 18–65 years old."

Controls Used: Various controls including "placebo" and "standard antidepressant therapy."

Dose Used: "The doses varied from 280 g to 1500 mg of Curcumin/day or 80 mg of nano curcumin/day."

Statistical Significance Declared: Not explicitly detailed in the text provided.

Adverse Events: Not explicitly detailed in the text provided.

Conflict of Interest: "The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article."

Lee B, Lee H. Systemic Administration of Curcumin Affect Anxiety-Related Behaviors in a Rat Model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder via Activation of Serotonergic Systems.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018;2018:9041309. doi:10.1155/2018/9041309

Publication Date: "Published 19 June 2018"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Research Article"

Methodology: Experiments using rats subjected to Single Prolonged Stress (SPS) and treated with curcumin; behavioral tests and neurochemical analyses conducted.

Sample Size: "Six to seven animals were allotted to each group."

Controls Used: "Saline-treated (SAL) group as a vehicle control, and Fluoxetine (FLX) as a positive control."

Dose Used: "CUR (20, 50, or 100 mg/kg, i.p., once daily) for 14 days."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Differences were considered statistically significant at p value < 0.05."

Adverse Events: "No significant side effect reported."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest."

Bielak-Zmijewska A, Grabowska W, Ciolko A, et al. The Role of Curcumin in the Modulation of Ageing.Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(5):1239. doi:10.3390/ijms20051239

Publication Date: "Published: 12 March 2019"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Review"

Methodology: Review of existing studies and data on the anti-aging properties and senolytic potential of curcumin.

Sample Size: Not applicable (review article).

Controls Used: Not applicable (review article).

Dose Used: Various doses used across referenced studies; not specified in this review.

Statistical Significance Declared: Not explicitly stated.

Adverse Events: "Curcumin, although not able to postpone senescence per se, can even induce it at certain concentrations."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare no conflict of interest."

Daily JW, Yang M, Park S. Efficacy of Turmeric Extracts and Curcumin for Alleviating the Symptoms of Joint Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. *J Med Food*. 2016;19(8):717-729. doi:10.1089/jmf.2016.3705

Publication Date: "Published Online: 1 August 2016"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials"

Methodology: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of turmeric extracts and curcumin on arthritis symptoms.

Sample Size: "Sample sizes (n = 45–124) of the primary studies are low."

Controls Used: "Placebo control or pain medicine control (e.g., ibuprofen, diclofenac sodium)."

Dose Used: "About 1000 mg/day of curcumin."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Pooled PVAS between curcuma and placebo (overall mean differences and CI: −2.04 and −2.85, −1.24; P < .00001)."

Adverse Events: "Mild fever and throat infection, gastrointestinal symptoms, hair loss, tachycardia, hypertension, and redness of tongue."

Conflict of Interest: Not explicitly stated in the provided text.

White, C. Michael, Vinay Pasupuleti, Yuani M. Roman, Yangzhou Li, and Adrian V. Hernandez. "Oral turmeric/curcumin effects on inflammatory markers in chronic inflammatory diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials." Pharmacological Research 146 (2019): 104280. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104280.

Publication Date: "Available online 20 May 2019"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"

Methodology: Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs evaluating the effects of oral turmeric or curcumin on inflammatory markers in chronic inflammatory diseases.

Sample Size: "Nineteen RCTs were identified; included patients had rheumatic diseases, advanced chronic kidney disease with hemodialysis, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases."

Controls Used: "Placebo control or active drug control group as long as they were used in both groups consistently throughout the study period."

Dose Used: Not explicitly detailed for all studies; "500 mg daily curcumin" mentioned in some trials.

Statistical Significance Declared: "CRP (MD -2.71 mg/L, 95%CI -5.73 to 0.31, p = 0.08), hsCRP (MD -1.44 mg/L, 95%CI -2.94 to 0.06, p = 0.06)."

Adverse Events: Not explicitly detailed in the text provided.

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare that they do not have conflict of interest."

Alidadi M, Sahebkar A, Eslami S, Vakilian F, Jarahi L, Alinezhad-Namaghi M, Arabi SM, Vakili S, Tohidinezhad F, Nikooiyan Y, Norouzy A. The Effect of Curcumin Supplementation on Pulse Wave Velocity in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. In: Barreto GE, Sahebkar A, eds. *Pharmacological Properties of Plant-Derived Natural Products and Implications for Human Health*. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021:1-11. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64872-5_1

Publication Date: "First Online: 17 April 2021"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial"

Methodology: Randomized clinical trial with 66 metabolic syndrome patients, evaluating curcumin’s effects on arterial stiffness and weight management over 12 weeks.

Sample Size: "66 eligible individuals were randomly assigned to active intervention or control groups."

Controls Used: "Placebo capsule."

Dose Used: "Curcumin supplement at a dose of 500 mg daily for 12 weeks."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Curcumin intervention improved PWV, which remained significant after adjustment for potential confounding factors (p = 0.011)."

Adverse Events: "One curcumin group participant (reflux side effect) did not complete the study."

Conflict of Interest: Not stated in the provided text.

Tabaee S, Sahebkar A, Aghamohammadi T, Pakdel M, Dehabeh M, Sobhani R, Alidadi M, Majeed M, Mirhafez SR. The Effects of Curcumin Plus Piperine Supplementation in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Randomized, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Trial. In: Sahebkar A, Sathyapalan T, eds. Natural Products and Human Diseases: Pharmacology, Molecular Targets, and Therapeutic Benefits. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021:199-211. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-73234-9_13

Publication Date: "First Online: 03 January 2022"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial"

Methodology: 72 patients with acute myocardial infarction were randomly assigned to curcumin or placebo groups; effects on cardiac function, lipids, glycemic status, liver enzymes, and renal function were evaluated over 8 weeks.

Sample Size: "72 patients with acute myocardial infarction."

Controls Used: "Placebo capsules containing lactose powder."

Dose Used: "500 mg of curcumin capsules with piperine supplement for 8 weeks."

Statistical Significance Declared: "HbA1C (P = 0.002), LDL (P = 0.039), HDL (P = 0.002), ALT (P = 0.029), ALP (P = 0.018)."

Adverse Events: Not explicitly mentioned.

Conflict of Interest: Not explicitly stated in the text provided.

Pourhabibi-Zarandi F, Rafraf M, Zayeni H, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Ebrahimi AA. Effects of curcumin supplementation on metabolic parameters, inflammatory factors and obesity values in women with rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytotherapy Research. 2022;36(4):1797-1806. doi:10.1002/ptr.7422

Publication Date: "First published: 17 February 2022"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial"

Methodology: 48 women with rheumatoid arthritis were randomized into curcumin or placebo groups; effects on metabolic parameters, inflammatory markers, and obesity values were measured over 8 weeks.

Sample Size: "48 women with RA were enrolled."

Controls Used: "Placebo group (n = 22)."

Dose Used: "500 mg once a day for 8 weeks."

Statistical Significance Declared: "HOMA-IR (p = .037), serum levels of TG (p = .028), ESR (p < .001), and hs-CRP (p = .001)."

Adverse Events: "No adverse effects were reported during the intervention."

Conflict of Interest: "There is no conflict of interest to declare."

Ferguson JJA, Abbott KA, Garg ML. Anti-inflammatory effects of oral supplementation with curcumin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition Reviews. 2020;79(9):1043-1066. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaa114

Publication Date: "Published: 03 December 2020"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"

Methodology: Systematic review and meta-analysis conducted on 32 randomized controlled trials evaluating the effects of curcumin on inflammatory markers.

Sample Size: "32 trials (N = 2,038 participants) were included."

Controls Used: "Placebo controls or active drug controls were used across studies."

Dose Used: "Curcumin dosage ranged from 46 mg to 4275 mg/day."

Statistical Significance Declared: "TNF-α, −3.13 pg/mL (−4.62 to −1.64); MCP-1, −2.48 pg/mL (−3.96 to −1.00); IL-8, −0.54 pg/mL (−0.82 to −0.28); IL-6, −1.69 pg/mL (−2.56 to −0.82); CRP, −1.55 mg/L (−1.81 to −1.30)."

Adverse Events: Not explicitly detailed in the text provided.

Conflict of Interest: Not explicitly stated in the text provided.

Thanawala S, Shah R, Somepalli V, Alluri KV, Desomayanandam P, Bhuvanendran A. A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Assessing Efficacy and Safety of a Novel Low-Dose Turmeric Extract Formulation in Healthy Adults with Chronic Knee Pain. *Clin Pharmacol Adv Appl.* 2021;13:91-100. doi:10.2147/CPAA.S307464

Publication Date: "May 31, 2021"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial"

Methodology: Subjects received either 250 mg of WDTE60N (water-dispersible turmeric extract) or placebo for 90 days; evaluated for pain and mobility improvements using VAS and functional tests.

Sample Size: "106 subjects were randomized such that each treatment arm had 53 subjects."

Controls Used: "Placebo capsules."

Dose Used: "WDTE60N capsule containing 150 mg of curcuminoids once daily."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Mean reduction in pain intensity greater in the WDTE60N group than placebo (p < 0.0001)."

Adverse Events: "Three adverse events occurred but were unrelated to study products."

Conflict of Interest: "Shefali Thanawala and Rajat Shah are employees of Inventia Healthcare Ltd. KrishnaRaju Venkata Alluri and Venkateswarlu Somepalli are employees of Laila Nutraceuticals."

Amalraj A, Divya C, Gopi S. The Effects of Bioavailable Curcumin (Cureit) on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness Induced By Eccentric Continuous Exercise: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Study. *Journal of Medicinal Food*. 2020;23(5):545-553. doi:10.1089/jmf.2019.4533

Publication Date: "Published Online: 12 May 2020"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical study"

Methodology: 30 subjects were randomized into two treatment groups; they consumed either Cureit or placebo after eccentric exercise to assess reductions in DOMS, pain, and inflammatory markers.

Sample Size: "30 subjects (age 36 ± 11 years; male [n = 12] and female [n = 18])."

Controls Used: "Placebo was visually similar to Cureit but contained a food-grade starch."

Dose Used: "A single oral 500 mg dosage of Cureit or placebo."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Significant differences (P < .0001) were observed in pain score of Cureit and placebo groups."

Adverse Events: "There were no serious adverse events during the study period."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors are grateful to the management of Plant Lipids (P) Ltd., Cochin, India, for support and inspiration."

Jakubczyk K, Drużga A, Katarzyna J, Skonieczna-Żydecka K. Antioxidant Potential of Curcumin—A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.Antioxidants. 2020; 9(11):1092. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9111092

Publication Date: "Published: 6 November 2020"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials"

Methodology: A meta-analysis was conducted using data from 4 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating the impact of curcumin on oxidative stress markers.

Sample Size: "A total of 308 participants took part in the research."

Controls Used: "Placebo or no intervention controls."

Dose Used: "The average dose of curcumin administered was 645 mg/24 h."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Curcumin significantly increased total antioxidant capacity (SMD = 2.696, Z = 2.003, CI = 95%, p = 0.045)."

Adverse Events: Not mentioned in the text provided.

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare no conflict of interest."

DiSilvestro RA, Joseph E, Zhao S, Bomser J. Diverse effects of a low dose supplement of lipidated curcumin in healthy middle aged people. Nutrition Journal. 2012;11(1):79. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-11-79

Publication Date: "Sept. 26, 2012"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical study"

Methodology: Healthy subjects (40-60 years old) were randomized to curcumin (80 mg/day) or placebo for 4 weeks, with measurements of plasma and saliva health markers.

Sample Size: "N = 19 for curcumin group and N = 19 for placebo group."

Controls Used: "Placebo containing starch."

Dose Used: "80 mg/day of lipidated curcumin."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Significant changes: lowering of plasma triglycerides, sICAM, and beta amyloid protein; increase in nitric oxide and catalase activities (p < 0.05)."

Adverse Events: Not mentioned in the text.

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare that they have no competing interests."

Salehi M, Mashhadi NS, Esfahani PS, Feizi A, Hadi A, Askari G. The Effects of Curcumin Supplementation on Muscle Damage, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Markers in Healthy Females with Moderate Physical Activity: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.Int J Prev Med. 2021;12:94. doi:10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_138_20

Publication Date: "Published: 29 July 2021"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial"

Methodology: 80 healthy females were randomized into two groups to receive either 500 mg/day of curcumin or placebo for 8 weeks, assessing inflammatory markers, oxidative stress, muscle damage, and anthropometric indices.

Sample Size: "80 subjects, with 65 completing the study."

Controls Used: "Placebo group received 500 mg/day of cornstarch."

Dose Used: "500 mg/day of curcumin."

Statistical Significance Declared: "CRP (P = 0.002), LDH (P = 0.041), MDA (P = 0.005), VO2 max (P = 0.0001)."

Adverse Events: "Four participants experienced gastrointestinal complications during the study."

Conflict of Interest: "There are no conflicts of interest."

Peterson CT, Vaughn AR, Sharma V, Chopra D, Mills PJ, Peterson SN, Sivamani RK. Effects of Turmeric and Curcumin Dietary Supplementation on Human Gut Microbiota: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study. Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine. 2018;23. doi:10.1177/2515690X18790725.

Publication Date: "Published online: August 8, 2018"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study"

Methodology: 30 healthy subjects were randomized into three groups (placebo, turmeric, curcumin) and given tablets over 8 weeks; changes in gut microbiota were assessed via 16S rDNA sequencing.

Sample Size: "30 subjects meeting enrollment criteria were enrolled and randomized into 3 groups."

Controls Used: "Placebo tablets were similar in size, shape, and color to the other 2 groups."

Dose Used: "Turmeric tablets contained 1000 mg turmeric root plus 1.25 mg black pepper extract; curcumin tablets contained 1000 mg of curcumin plus 1.25 mg black pepper extract."

Statistical Significance Declared: "No statistically significant differences between treatment groups due to high variation within groups (P = .08)."

Adverse Events: "No adverse effects were reported."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declared no relevant conflicts of interest except for some affiliations with the Chopra Foundation and Dermveda."

Lopresti AL, Maes M, Maker GL, Hood SD, Drummond PD. Curcumin for the treatment of major depression: A randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled study. J Affect Disord. 2014;167:368-375. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.001.

Publication Date: "Published online 11 June 2014"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial"

Methodology: 56 participants with major depressive disorder were randomly assigned to curcumin or placebo groups for 8 weeks; mood, anxiety, and other health markers were evaluated.

Sample Size: "56 participants were enrolled, 28 in the curcumin group and 28 in the placebo group."

Controls Used: "Placebo capsules (cellulose) were used."

Dose Used: "500 mg of curcumin (BCM-95) twice daily."

Statistical Significance Declared: "IDS-SR30 total score (F1, 53=4.22, p=.045), IDS-SR30 mood score (F1, 53=6.51, p=.014)."

Adverse Events: "Minor digestive complaints (stomach bloating, nausea, mild diarrhea) were reported."

Conflict of Interest: "This study was supported in part by a grant from Arjuna Natural Extracts Limited to Murdoch University."

Yang YS, Su YF, Yang HW, Lee YH, Chou JI, Ueng KC. Lipid-Lowering Effects of Curcumin in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Phytotherapy Research. 2014;28(12):1770-1777. doi:10.1002/ptr.5197

Publication Date: "First published: 06 August 2014"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial"

Methodology: 65 metabolic syndrome patients were randomized into curcumin extract or placebo groups for 12 weeks. Lipid profiles, glucose, and weight were measured before and after the intervention.

Sample Size: "A total of 65 patients were enrolled: 33 were randomized to the curcumin extract group and 32 to the placebo group."

Controls Used: "Placebo capsules."

Dose Used: "1890 mg/day for 12 weeks."

Statistical Significance Declared: "HDL-C (p < 0.05), LDL (p < 0.05), triglycerides (p = 0.029), T-Chol/HDL-C ratio (p = 0.0001)."

Adverse Events: "Mild diarrhea and nausea were reported in two participants; one participant withdrew due to stomach pain."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors have declared that there is no conflict of interest."