Wang X, Lin Z. Immunomodulating Effect of Ganoderma (Lingzhi) and Possible Mechanism. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019;1182:1-37. doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9421-9_1

Publication Date: "Published: 19 October 2021"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Tumor-bearing mice model"

Methodology: GF-EPS was orally administered to mice, tumor size and body weight were recorded, lymphocyte subpopulation analyzed using flow cytometry, spleen tissues used for cytokine mRNA expression analysis.

Sample Size: "For the preventive model (n = 6), GF-EPS (80 mg/kg) was orally administered to mice every other day for 32 d. For the therapeutic model (n = 6), GF-EPS oral administration was performed every other day from Day 14 to 32. The control group (n = 6) received PBS oral administration every other day for 32 d."

Controls Used: "The control group (n = 6) received PBS oral administration every other day for 32 d."

Dose Used: "GF-EPS (80 mg/kg)"

Statistical Significance Declared: "Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. Differences compared with the control groups with statistical significance at p < 0.05 (), p < 0.01 (), and p < 0.001 ()."

Adverse Events: "The tumor volume increased with time."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare no conflict of interest."

Shevelev OB, Seryapina AA, Zavjalov EL, Gerlinskaya LA, Goryachkovskaya TN, Slynko NM, Kuibida LV, Peltek SE, Markel AL, Moshkin MP. Hypotensive and neurometabolic effects of intragastric Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) administration in hypertensive ISIAH rat strain. Phytomedicine. 2018;41:1-6. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2018.01.013

Publication Date: "Published: 4 February 2018"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Study the effectiveness of Reishi, which grows in the Altai Mountains, as an antihypertensive agent"

Methodology: Intragastrically administered Reishi water extract to adult male hypertensive ISIAH rats, blood pressure, and cerebral blood flow were measured, and cerebral cortex metabolic patterns were analyzed.

Sample Size: "At the beginning of the experiment, 18 ISIAH rats aged from 12 to 13 weeks were used."

Controls Used: "Losartan was used as a positive control."

Dose Used: "Reishi was administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg of body weight."

Statistical Significance Declared: "The mean values were compared to the control using a 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc least significant difference (LSD) test."

Adverse Events: "The balance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters shifts towards excitation in rats treated with Reishi."

Conflict of Interest: "We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication."

Ye W-Y, Wang J-Z, Deng G-G, Dang Y-W, Liu H-W, Chen G. Estrogenic activities of compound GL-1, isolated from Ganoderma lucidum. Nat Prod Res. 2021;35(24):6062-6066. doi:10.1080/14786419.2020.1819270

Publication Date: "Published online: 09 Sep 2020"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "The estrogenic effect of GL-1, a component of the Ganoderma lucidum, was studied, and the possible mechanism was discussed preliminarily."

Methodology: Binding ability of GL-1 to estrogen receptor calculated by computer aided simulation, effects on the proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells detected by MTT method, expression of ERα and ERβ monoclonal antibody detected by Western blot.

Sample Size: "Compared with the control group, the expression of ERα protein was significantly decreased (p < 0.01) by GL-1 at the concentration of 10−5 mol/L."

Controls Used: "The control group."

Dose Used: "At the concentration of 10−8 to 10−5 mol/L."

Statistical Significance Declared: "With the increase of concentration, the proliferation was significantly increased (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01)."

Adverse Events: "Excessive estrogenic activity increases the risk for breast and endometrial cancers."

Conflict of Interest: Not stated in the provided text.

Zhang Y, Lin Z, Hu Y, Wang F. Effect of Ganoderma lucidum capsules on T lymphocyte subsets in football players on "living high-training low" [published correction appears in Br J Sports Med. 2009 Apr;43(4):310-1].Br J Sports Med. 2008;42(10):819-822. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.038620

Publication Date: "Published online: 01 Apr 2009"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "The effect of G lucidum ingestion on T lymphocyte subsets in football players during a 28-day LHTL trial."

Methodology: Forty male football players were randomly assigned to four groups; three LHTL groups stayed in normobaric hypoxic rooms and trained together at sea level, provided with placebo or G lucidum capsules. Lymphocyte subsets were quantitated using flow cytometry.

Sample Size: "Forty male football players."

Controls Used: "The LHTL1 group was provided with placebo comprising 10 capsules/day orally."

Dose Used: "The LHTL2 group was given 10 G lucidum capsules each day orally (250 mg per capsule), and the LHTL3 group was given 20 G lucidum capsules each day orally (250 mg per capsule)."

Statistical Significance Declared: "The percentage of CD3+, CD4+ T cells from the baseline were higher at times compared to the LHTL1 and LHTL2 groups, and a significant increase was seen at day 21."

Adverse Events: "No evidence of liver or renal toxicity."

Conflict of Interest: Not stated in the provided text.

Jiao C, Chen W, Tan X, et al. Ganoderma lucidum spore oil induces apoptosis of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by activating caspase-3 and caspase-9.J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;247:112256. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.112256

Publication Date: "Available online 3 October 2019"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "The aim of this study was to identify the effects of GLSO on breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo as well as to investigate the mechanistic basis for the anticancer effect of GLSO."

Methodology: MDA-MB-231 cells treated with GLSO at different concentrations, protein levels examined using western blotting, mRNA expression levels analyzed using qRT-PCR, BALB/c mice injected with 4T1 cells, treated with GLSO, and tumor growth monitored.

Sample Size: "Each with 12 animals/group."

Controls Used: "Model group (saline, n = 12), GLSO group (6 g/kg, n = 12), paclitaxel (PTX) group (n = 12)."

Dose Used: "GLSO (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 μL/mL) in vitro; GLSO (6 g/kg) in vivo."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Data are presented as the mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs model."

Adverse Events: "No other adverse effects were observed in the GLSO-treated mice."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare no conflicts of interest."

Liu X, Xu Y, Li Y, et al.Ganoderma lucidumfruiting body extracts inhibit colorectal cancer by inducing apoptosis, autophagy, and G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest in vitro and in vivo.Am J Transl Res. 2020;12(6):2675-2684.

Publication Date: "Published online 2020 Jun 15."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "This study intends to investigate the anticancer role of GLE on HCT116 colorectal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo."

Methodology: HCT116 cells treated with GLE at various concentrations, apoptosis, autophagy, and cell cycle arrest analyzed using CCK-8, flow cytometry, electron microscopy, RT-PCR, and Western blot. Xenografted mouse models used to evaluate tumor growth inhibition in vivo.

Sample Size: Not specifically stated in the text snippets provided.

Controls Used: "Cisplatin was used as a positive control."

Dose Used: "GLE at various concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100, 150 and 200 µg/mL) and cisplatin (5 µg/mL)."

Statistical Significance Declared: "*P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01."

Adverse Events: "No significant adverse effects were observed."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare no conflicts of interest."

Pan R, Lou J, Wei L. Significant effects ofGanoderma lucidumpolysaccharide on lipid metabolism in diabetes may be associated with the activation of the FAM3C-HSF1-CAM signaling pathway.Exp Ther Med. 2021;22(2):820. doi:10.3892/etm.2021.10252

Publication Date: "Aug. 2021"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "A T2DM model was established in db/db mice, following which T2DM mice were treated with GLP (100 and 400 mg/kg) for 8 weeks, with MET used as the positive control."

Methodology: T2DM mice treated with GLP for 8 weeks, blood and serum samples collected, levels of HbA1c, FBG, and other diabetes-associated clinical chemistry indexes detected, liver fat evaluated by staining, expression levels of FAM3C, HSF1, CaM, AKT, and p-AKT detected using RT-qPCR and western blotting.

Sample Size: "A total of 24 adult male (age, 6 weeks; weight, 18-24 g) idiopathic T2DM model mice (db/db) and 6-+/db male mice."

Controls Used: "MET used as the positive control."

Dose Used: "GLP (100 and 400 mg/kg)."

Statistical Significance Declared: "The body weights of the mice in the 100 mg/kg GLP (P<0.001), 400 mg/kg GLP (P<0.001) groups were all significantly lower compared with the model control group."

Adverse Events: "No significant changes observed in the 100 mg/kg GLP group."

Conflict of Interest: "No funding was received."

Hanaoka R, Ueno Y, Tanaka S, Nagai K, Onitake T, Yoshioka K, Chayama K. The Water-Soluble Extract from Cultured Medium of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) Mycelia (Designated as MAK) Ameliorates Murine Colitis Induced by Trinitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid. *Scandinavian Journal of Immunology*. 2011;74(5):454-462. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02601.x

Publication Date: "Received 22 January 2011; Accepted in revised form 29 June 2011"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "We investigated the water-soluble, polysaccharide components of Reishi (designated as MAK) in murine colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)."

Methodology: Mice were fed chow or MAK for 2 weeks, TNBS administered, intestinal inflammation evaluated, mononuclear cells of MLNs and colon cultured for ELISA, GM-CSF antibody pre-treatment used to assess preventive role of GM-CSF.

Sample Size: "n = 5 ⁄each group."

Controls Used: "Chow-fed mice."

Dose Used: "1.25%, 2.5%, and 5% supplement of MAK."

Statistical Significance Declared: "*P < 0.05 between MAK (2.5% and 5%)-treated and MAK-untreated mice exposed to TNBS."

Adverse Events: "A higher concentration of MAK substantially reduced the levels of GM-CSF."

Conflict of Interest: Not stated in the provided text.

Soksawatmakhin S, Boonyahotra W. Preliminary study of the applications of Ganoderma lucidum in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Asian Assoc Sch Pharm. 2013;2:262-268.

Publication Date: "Received 22 January 2011; Accepted in revised form 29 June 2011"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "A total of 50 volunteers were randomly assigned to receive G. lucidum extract or placebo."

Methodology: Volunteers randomly assigned to G. lucidum or placebo, received 2 g of G. lucidum extract daily for 12 weeks, quality of life and fatigue levels assessed using SF-12 and VAS questionnaires, serum cortisol levels measured before and after 12 weeks, satisfaction and side effects evaluated.

Sample Size: "A total of 50 volunteers were randomly assigned into 2 groups."

Controls Used: "A control group (25) received a daily dose of placebo."

Dose Used: "A daily dose of 2 g, divided into 0.5 g four times a day, of G. lucidum extract."

Statistical Significance Declared: "p=0.005" (quality of life), "p=0.010" (VAS scores), "p<0.001" (satisfaction), "p = 0.016" (quality of life comparison between groups), "p=0.002" (VAS score reduction trend), "p < 0.001" (overall VAS scores between groups).

Adverse Events: "Side effects, diarrhea and nausea, from both groups were not significantly different (p = 0.785)."

Conflict of Interest: Not stated in the provided text.