Circosta C, De Pasquale R, Palumbo DR, Samperi S, Occhiuto F. Effects of isoflavones from red clover (Trifolium pratense) on skin changes induced by ovariectomy in rats. Phytother Res. 2006;20(12):1096-1099. doi:10.1002/ptr.2017

Publication Date: "Accepted 10 September 2006."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of isoflavones from red clover in the prevention of skin aging in estrogen deficient conditions using an experimental model of menopause by ovariectomy in rats."

Methodology: "Twenty rats were selected and randomized into four groups of five animals each. The rats from all groups were bilaterally ovariectomized except for rats from group I, which served as the sham operated control. Ovariectomy was performed by ligation and excision of the ovaries along the upper horns, under general anesthesia with diethyl ether, through aseptic incisions of the dorsal skin and muscle layers. Rats from group II received the vehicle (distilled water) and served as the ovariectomized control. Group III and IV were treated daily with an oral dose of 20 and 40 mg of total isoflavones from Red clover, respectively. The doses of red clover extract were based on typical clinical doses for humans. The treatment of respective groups was started 7 days after the ovariectomy and continued for 14 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, the animals were bled from the carotid artery under anesthesia and killed. The histology of the skin, skin thickness, skin capacitance (skin hydration) and the amount of total skin collagen by a colorimetric method were determined."

Sample Size: "Twenty rats were selected and randomized into four groups of five animals each."

Controls Used: "Rats from group II received the vehicle (distilled water) and served as the ovariectomized control."

Dose Used: "20 and 40 mg of total isoflavones daily for 14 weeks."

Statistical Significance Declared: "The level of significance was p < 0.05 for all tests."

Adverse Events: None explicitly stated in the provided text.

Conflict of Interest: None stated in the provided text.

Chen YM, Wang IL, Zhu XY, Chiu WC, Chiu YS. Red Clover Isoflavones Influence Estradiol Concentration, Exercise Performance, and Gut Microbiota in Female Mice. Front Nutr. 2021;8. doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.623698

Publication Date: "14 April 2021"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "This study aimed to investigate the effect of RC supplementation on gut microbiota composition to determine whether it improves intestinal barrier function and exercise performance."

Methodology: Female ICR mice, divided into four groups, orally administered RC once daily for 6 weeks at 0, 308, 615, and 1,538 mg/kg. Measured grip strength, swimming time, muscle glycogen, serum lactate, ammonia, creatine kinase, glucose, lactate dehydrogenase, and FFA activity. Conducted histopathological analyses and 16S rRNA gene sequencing for gut microbiota.

Sample Size: "32 mice were randomly assigned to four groups (eight mice/group)."

Controls Used: "The vehicle group received an equivalent volume of solution base."

Dose Used: "0, 308 (RC-1X), 615 (RC-2X), and 1,538 (RC-5X) mg/kg."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Statistical differences between groups were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Duncan's test, and the Cochran–Armitage test was used for the dose–effect trend analysis. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant."

Adverse Events: "No adverse events were observed in RC-1X, RC-2X, and RC-5X mice that received 6-week supplementation."

Conflict of Interest: None stated in the provided text.

Mu H, Bai Y-H, Wang S-T, Zhu Z-M, Zhang Y-W. Research on antioxidant effects and estrogenic effect of formononetin from Trifolium pratense (red clover). Phytomedicine. 2009;16(4):314-319. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2008.07.005.

Publication Date: "Apr. 2009"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Antioxidant and estrogenic effects of formononetin on ovariectomized mice have been investigated in the present study."

Methodology: Female Kunming mice, divided into 5 groups, sham-operated and ovariectomized. Treated with vehicle, stilbestrol, low-dose, and high-dose formononetin. Oral administration for 6 months. Measured uterine weight, SOD, GSH-Px, CAT, and MDA levels.

Sample Size: "Fifty female mature Kunming mice aged 2-3 months and weighing 25-35 g were used in our experiments."

Controls Used: "The mice were divided into 5 groups: sham-operated group, ovariectomized group, stilbestrol replacement therapy group (0.20 mg/kg day), low-dose formononetin group (0.05 g/kg day) and high-dose formononetin group (0.5 g/kg day)."

Dose Used: "0.05 and 0.5 g/kg day of formononetin."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Differences were considered to be statistically significant if p< 0.05."

Adverse Events: None stated in the provided text.

Conflict of Interest: None stated in the provided text.

Shakeri F, Taavoni S, Goushegir A, Haghani H. Effectiveness of red clover in alleviating menopausal symptoms: a 12-week randomized, controlled trial. Climacteric. 2015;18(4):568-573. doi:10.3109/13697137.2014.999660.

Publication Date: "January and September 2012"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "This randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial included 72 healthy postmenopausal women."

Methodology: Women divided into intervention and placebo groups, received two capsules daily for 12 weeks, containing either 40 mg dried leaves of red clover or 40 mg starch. Measured menopausal symptoms using Menopause Rating Scale (MRS).

Sample Size: "This randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial included 72 healthy postmenopausal women."

Controls Used: "Women in the control group received two capsules containing 40 mg starch daily for 12 weeks."

Dose Used: "Two capsules containing 40 mg dried leaves of red clover daily for 12 weeks."

Statistical Significance Declared: "A significant difference was observed between the two groups concerning the severity of the menopausal symptoms (p < 0.0001)."

Adverse Events: None stated in the provided text.

Conflict of Interest: "The authors report no conflicts of interest."

Lipovac M, Chedraui P, Gruenhut C, Gocan A, Kurz C, Neuber B, Imhof M. The effect of red clover isoflavone supplementation over vasomotor and menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women. Gynecological Endocrinology. 2012;28(3):203-207. doi:10.3109/09513590.2011.593671

Publication Date: "March 1st 2012"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "A prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial."

Methodology: Postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to receive either 80 mg red clover isoflavones or placebo for 90 days, followed by a 7-day washout period and then switched treatments for another 90 days. Measured daily hot flush and night sweat frequency and overall menopausal symptom intensity using the Kupperman Index.

Sample Size: "One hundred and nine postmenopausal women aged 40 or more."

Controls Used: "Placebo of equal appearance."

Dose Used: "80 mg red clover isoflavones."

Statistical Significance Declared: "These decrements were significantly higher than those observed for Group B after placebo phase (8.2%, 0.9% and 6.7%, respectively)."

Adverse Events: "No side effects were encountered after treatment with the active compound or placebo."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declared no conflicts of interest."

Hidalgo LA, Chedraui PA, Morocho N, Ross S, San Miguel G. The effect of red clover isoflavones on menopausal symptoms, lipids and vaginal cytology in menopausal women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Gynecological Endocrinology. 2005;21(5):257-264. doi:10.1080/09513590500361192

Publication Date: "November 2005"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of isoflavones contained in red clover extracts (Trifolium pratense) on menopausal symptoms, lipids and vaginal cytology in menopausal women."

Methodology: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with postmenopausal women receiving either red clover isoflavones or placebo for 90 days, with a 7-day washout period before switching treatments for another 90 days. Evaluated Kupperman index score, fasting blood, and vaginal cytologic sampling at baseline, 90, and 180 days.

Sample Size: "Sixty postmenopausal women aged 40 years or older."

Controls Used: "Placebo of equal appearance."

Dose Used: "80 mg/day of red clover isoflavones."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Baseline Kupperman index score decreased significantly after each treatment phase, the decrease being more pronounced after the isoflavone phase (baseline: 27.2 ± 7.7; after isoflavone: 5.9 ± 3.9; after placebo: 20.9 ± 5.3, p < 0.05)."

Adverse Events: "Two subjects abandoned the trial because of side-effects (headache; one woman during the placebo phase and the other during the isoflavone supplementation phase)."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declared no conflicts of interest."

Imhof M, Gocan A, Reithmayr F, Lipovac M, Schimitzek C, Chedraui P, Huber J. Effects of a red clover extract (MF11RCE) on endometrium and sex hormones in postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2006;55(1):76-81. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2006.01.006

Publication Date: "Available online 2 March 2006."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "This prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial."

Methodology: One-hundred and nine postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to receive either two capsules of MF11RCE (80 mg isoflavone) per day for a 90-day period, or placebo of equal design. After a 7-day washout period, medication was crossed-over for another 90 days. Evaluations included anamnesis, body weight, height, blood pressure, transvaginal ultrasound, and fasting blood samples before and after each treatment phase.

Sample Size: "One-hundred and nine postmenopausal women."

Controls Used: "Placebo of equal design."

Dose Used: "80 mg isoflavone per day."

Statistical Significance Declared: "A significant increase in T of about 22% (p < 0.001) and a significant decrease in endometrial thickness of 14.7% (p < 0.001) with verum, but not with placebo."

Adverse Events: "No evidence of acute toxicity, significant side effects, or adverse events for a red clover extract at 40–120 mg/day on a short-time base."

Conflict of Interest: None stated in the provided text.

van de Weijer PHM, Barentsen R. Isoflavones from red clover (Promensil®) significantly reduce menopausal hot flush symptoms compared with placebo. Maturitas. 2002;42(3):187-193. doi:10.1016/S0378-5122(02)00080-4

Publication Date: "Available online 4 June 2002."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "This study was double blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial with a single blind, 4 weeks, placebo screening phase."

Methodology: 30 postmenopausal women received single blind placebo tablets for 4 weeks, then randomized to either placebo or 80 mg isoflavones for 12 weeks. Measured hot flush frequency and Greene Climacteric Scale Score.

Sample Size: "30 women with more than 12 months amenorrhoea and experiencing more than five flushes per day."

Controls Used: "Placebo of equal design."

Dose Used: "80 mg isoflavones per day."

Statistical Significance Declared: "A further, statistically significant decrease of 44% was seen in isoflavones group (P<0.01)."

Adverse Events: "Tolerability was generally good and the active group showed no more side effects than the placebo group."

Conflict of Interest: Not explicitly stated in the provided text.

Lipovac M, Chedraui P, Gruenhut C, Gocan A, Stammler M, Imhof M. Improvement of postmenopausal depressive and anxiety symptoms after treatment with isoflavones derived from red clover extracts. *Maturitas*. 2010;65(3):258-261. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.10.014

Publication Date: "Available online 30 November 2009."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "A prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial."

Methodology: One hundred and nine postmenopausal women aged 40 or more were randomly assigned to receive two daily capsules of MF11RCE (80 mg red clover isoflavones) or placebo for 90 days, with a 7-day washout period before switching treatments for another 90 days. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Zung's Self Rating Depression Scale (SDS).

Sample Size: "One hundred and nine postmenopausal women."

Controls Used: "Placebo of equal appearance."

Dose Used: "80 mg red clover isoflavones."

Statistical Significance Declared: "This effect was equivalent to a 76.9% reduction in the total HADS score (76% for anxiety and 78.3% for depression) and an 80.6% reduction in the total SDS score."

Adverse Events: "No side effects were encountered after treatment with the active compound or the placebo group."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors of the manuscript 'Improvement of postmenopausal depressive and anxiety symptoms after treatment with isoflavones derived from red clover extracts' declare no conflict of interests."

Kanadys, W., Baranska, A., Jedrych, M., Religioni, U., & Janiszewska, M. (2020). Effects of red clover (Trifolium pratense) isoflavones on the lipid profile of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women—A systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas, 132, 7-16. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.11.001

Publication Date: "Available online 10 November 2019."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "This systematic review and meta-analysis was designed according to the guidelines for the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis statement."

Methodology: Medline (PubMed), EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for randomized controlled trials up to 2017. Changes in lipid profiles were used to assess differences between treatment and placebo groups. Weighted mean differences and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using a random-effects model.

Sample Size: "Ten eligible studies (twelve comparisons) with 910 peri- and postmenopausal women were selected for systematic review."

Controls Used: "Placebo or no-intervention group."

Dose Used: "33.8−160 mg/d."

Statistical Significance Declared: "The intake of isoflavones derived from red clover was associated with a significant decrease in serum TC, −0.29 (95 % CI: −0.53 to −0.06) mmol/L, [–11.21 (95 % CI: –20.49 to –13.92) mg/dL], p = 0.0136."

Adverse Events: None stated in the provided text.

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest."

Borrelli F, Thorup AC, Lambert MN, Kahr HS, Bjerre M, Jeppesen PB. Intake of Novel Red Clover Supplementation for 12 Weeks Improves Bone Status in Healthy Menopausal Women. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015;2015:689138. doi:10.1155/2015/689138.

Publication Date: "2012"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "randomized controlled trial"

Methodology: "Randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial included postmenopausal women."

Sample Size: "109 postmenopausal women aged 40 or more."

Controls Used: "placebo of equal appearance"

Dose Used: "80mg red clover isoflavones"

Statistical Significance Declared: "p < 0.0001"

Adverse Events: "No side effects were encountered after treatment with the active compound or placebo."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declared no conflicts of interest."

Luís Â, Domingues F, Pereira L. Effects of red clover on perimenopausal and postmenopausal women’s blood lipid profile: A meta-analysis. Climacteric. 2018;21(5):446-453. doi:10.1080/13697137.2018.1501673

Publication Date: "Published online 3 September 2018"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials."

Methodology: "PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, and Cochrane Library were searched for RCTs during November 2017. Summary measures were reported as weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Fixed or random effects models were used for meta-analyses, according to heterogeneity. Risk of bias was measured with the Cochrane tool."

Sample Size: "Twelve RCTs (totalizing 1284 perimenopausal and postmenopausal women receiving red clover isoflavones for 4 weeks–18 months)."

Controls Used: "True control group."

Dose Used: "Various dosages, e.g., 40 and 160 mg/day."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Significant decrease in total cholesterol (WMD = 12.34 mg/dl; 95% CI: 18.21, 6.48), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (WMD = 10.61 mg/dl; 95% CI: 15.51, 5.72), and triglycerides (WMD = 10.18 mg/dl; 95% CI: 16.23, 4.13) together with a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (WMD = 1.60 mg/dl; 95% CI: 0.17, 3.03)."

Adverse Events: None stated in the provided text.

Conflict of Interest: "All authors report no conflict of interest."

Campbell MJ, Woodside JV, Honour JW, Morton MS, Leathem AJC. Effect of red clover-derived isoflavone supplementation on insulin-like growth factor, lipid and antioxidant status in healthy female volunteers: a pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58(1):173-179. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601764

Publication Date: "Jan. 2004"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "The study was of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design."

Methodology: "Healthy female subjects between the ages of 25 and 65 y were recruited from staff and students within University College London and the general public. The study included pre- and postmenopausal subjects who were randomised to receive either placebo or 86 mg of red clover isoflavones daily for one menstrual cycle followed by a 2-month washout period and the alternative intervention."

Sample Size: "A total of 16 pre- and seven postmenopausal subjects completed both phases of the study."

Controls Used: "Placebo"

Dose Used: "86 mg of red clover isoflavones daily"

Statistical Significance Declared: "The change in concentration of genistein, daidzein and equol over the supplementation period was significantly larger during the supplement phase compared to placebo in both pre- and postmenopausal subjects."

Adverse Events: "Subjects were asked if they had experienced any ill effects and whether their menstrual cycle had altered in length."

Conflict of Interest: None stated in the provided text.

Terzic MM, Dotlic J, Maricic S, Mihailovic T, Tosic-Race B. Influence of red clover-derived isoflavones on serum lipid profile in postmenopausal women. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2009;35(6):1091-1095. doi:10.1111/j.1447-0756.2009.001059.x

Publication Date: "First published: 01 December 2009"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "The study was conducted as a prospective open randomized controlled clinical trial."

Methodology: The study included 40 healthy postmenopausal women, divided into two groups: 22 allocated to red clover-derived isoflavone medication, and 18 allocated to a non-medication group. Total blood cholesterol, cholesterol fractions, and triglycerides were measured before treatment and at 4-month intervals over the following 12 months.

Sample Size: "The study comprised 40 healthy postmenopausal women."

Controls Used: "Non-medication group."

Dose Used: "One capsule per day containing 40 mg red clover-derived isoflavones."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Both total serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, as well as triglyceride levels, were decreased significantly in the group receiving phytoestrogens. However, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol showed a significant increase."

Adverse Events: "No side-effects were detected."

Conflict of Interest: Not stated in the provided text.

Akbaribazm M, Khazaei F, Naseri L, Pazhouhi M, Zamanian M, Khazaei M. Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of the Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.): an overview of the new findings. J Tradit Chin Med. 2021;41(4):642-649. doi:10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.20210604.001

Publication Date: "Jan. 2004"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "The study was of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design."

Methodology: "Healthy female subjects between the ages of 25 and 65 y were recruited from staff and students within University College London and the general public. The study included pre- and postmenopausal subjects who were randomised to receive either placebo or 86 mg of red clover isoflavones daily for one menstrual cycle followed by a 2-month washout period and the alternative intervention."

Sample Size: "A total of 16 pre- and seven postmenopausal subjects completed both phases of the study."

Controls Used: "Placebo"

Dose Used: "86 mg of red clover isoflavones daily"

Statistical Significance Declared: "The change in concentration of genistein, daidzein and equol over the supplementation period was significantly larger during the supplement phase compared to placebo in both pre- and postmenopausal subjects."

Adverse Events: "Subjects were asked if they had experienced any ill effects and whether their menstrual cycle had altered in length."

Conflict of Interest: None stated in the provided text.

Myers SP, Vigar V. Effects of a standardised extract of Trifolium pratense (Promensil) at a dosage of 80mg in the treatment of menopausal hot flushes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytomedicine. 2017;24:141-147. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2016.12.003

Publication Date: "Available online 12 December 2016"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "The study was of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design."

Methodology: Healthy female subjects between the ages of 25 and 65 years were recruited from staff and students within University College London and the general public. The study included pre- and postmenopausal subjects who were randomised to receive either placebo or 86 mg of red clover isoflavones daily for one menstrual cycle followed by a 2-month washout period and the alternative intervention.

Sample Size: "A total of 16 pre- and seven postmenopausal subjects completed both phases of the study."

Controls Used: "Placebo"

Dose Used: "86 mg of red clover isoflavones daily"

Statistical Significance Declared: "The change in concentration of genistein, daidzein, and equol over the supplementation period was significantly larger during the supplement phase compared to placebo in both pre- and postmenopausal subjects."

Adverse Events: "Subjects were asked if they had experienced any ill effects and whether their menstrual cycle had altered in length."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest."

Dornstauder E, Jisa E, Unterrieder I, Krenn L, Kubelka W, Jungbauer A. Estrogenic activity of two standardized red clover extracts (Menoflavon®) intended for large scale use in hormone replacement therapy. *The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.* 2001;78(1):67-75. doi:10.1016/S0960-0760(01)00075-9

Publication Date: "Available online 12 December 2016"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "The study was of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design."

Methodology: Healthy female subjects between the ages of 25 and 65 years were recruited from staff and students within University College London and the general public. The study included pre- and postmenopausal subjects who were randomised to receive either placebo or 86 mg of red clover isoflavones daily for one menstrual cycle followed by a 2-month washout period and the alternative intervention.

Sample Size: "A total of 16 pre- and seven postmenopausal subjects completed both phases of the study."

Controls Used: "Placebo"

Dose Used: "86 mg of red clover isoflavones daily"

Statistical Significance Declared: "The change in concentration of genistein, daidzein, and equol over the supplementation period was significantly larger during the supplement phase compared to placebo in both pre- and postmenopausal subjects."

Adverse Events: "Subjects were asked if they had experienced any ill effects and whether their menstrual cycle had altered in length."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest."

Vishali N, Kamakshi K, Suresh S, Prakash S. Red clover Trifolium pratense (Linn.) isoflavones extract on the pain threshold of normal and ovariectomized rats – a long-term study. Phytother Res. 2011;25(1):53-58. doi:10.1002/ptr.3217

Publication Date: "First published: 23 December 2010"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "The study was conducted as a long-term study on the pain threshold of normal and ovariectomized rats."

Methodology: Ovariectomized and control rats were administered 500 mg/kg of red clover isoflavones extract for 90 and 180 days. Pain thresholds were monitored using tail flick and formalin test methods. Estradiol and cortisol levels were measured.

Sample Size: "The study comprised multiple groups with six animals each."

Controls Used: "Control group and positive control (subcutaneous injection of estradiol benzoate)."

Dose Used: "500 mg/kg of body weight."

Statistical Significance Declared: "The data were subjected to a one-way ANOVA and significance was determined using a Tukey's post-hoc test with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant."

Adverse Events: "No toxic effects were seen in any of these groups."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors have declared that there is no conflict of interest."

Pérez-López FR, Lipovac M, Chedraui P, Gruenhut C, Gocan A, Kurz C, Neuber B, Imhof M. Effect of Red Clover Isoflavones over Skin, Appendages, and Mucosal Status in Postmenopausal Women. Obstetrics and Gynecology International. 2011;2011:949302. doi:10.1155/2011/949302

Publication Date: "Accepted 31 August 2011"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "A prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial."

Methodology: Postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to receive either two daily capsules of the active compound (80 mg RCE) or placebo for a 90-day period. After a 7-day washout period, the medication was crossed over and taken for 90 days more. Subjective improvement of skin, appendages, and several mucosal site status was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Additional evaluations included libido, tiredness, and urinary, sleep, and mood complaints.

Sample Size: "109 women"

Controls Used: "Placebo of equal appearance"

Dose Used: "80 mg RCE"

Statistical Significance Declared: "A P value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant."

Adverse Events: "No side effects were encountered after treatment with the active compound or the placebo group."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests."

Błaszczuk A, Barańska A, Kanadys W, Malm M, Jach ME, Religioni U, Wróbel R, Herda J, Polz-Dacewicz M. Role of Phytoestrogen-Rich Bioactive Substances (Linum usitatissimumL.,Glycine maxL.,Trifolium pratenseL.) in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients. 2022; 14(12):2467. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122467

Publication Date: "June 2022"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "A systematic review and meta-analysis."

Methodology: The study included a search strategy and study selection from databases such as MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of flaxseed, soy protein, soy isoflavones, and red clover isoflavones on the level of serum lipids in postmenopausal women. The data extraction involved detailed analysis and statistical evaluation using various metrics and tests.

Sample Size: "The meta-analysis included 42 studies published in English from 1998 to 2018."

Controls Used: "A comparison with a placebo or with a no-intervention group."

Dose Used: "Daily amounts varied across studies."

Statistical Significance Declared: "A significant reduction in TC levels after the use of red clover (WMD = −0.11; 95% CI: −0.18 to −0.04; p = 0.0017) and a significant increase in HDL-C levels (WMD = 0.04; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.07; p = 0.0165)."

Adverse Events: Not specifically mentioned in the provided text.

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests."