Skrovankova S, Sumczynski D, Mlcek J, Jurikova T, Sochor J. Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Different Types of Berries. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16(10):24673-706. doi:10.3390/ijms161024673.

Publication Date: "Published: 16 October 2015"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Review"

Methodology: The study reviewed literature on bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in berries, analyzing their effects.

Sample Size: Not applicable (Review study).

Controls Used: Not applicable (Review study).

Dose Used: Not applicable (Review study).

Statistical Significance Declared: Not applicable (Review study).

Adverse Events: No adverse events reported.

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare no conflict of interest."

Zhu MJ, Kang Y, Xue Y, Liang X, González García MP, Rodgers D, Kagel DR, Du M. Red raspberries suppress NLRP3 inflammasome and attenuate metabolic abnormalities in diet-induced obese mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2018;53:96-103. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.10.012.

Publication Date: "Available online 2 November 2017, Version of Record 5 December 2017."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Diet-induced obesity mouse model."

Methodology: Mice were randomized into four groups, received different diets (control, HFD, HFD plus 5% freeze-dried raspberry) for 12 weeks, followed by metabolic, glucose, insulin, and lipid measurements.

Sample Size: "n=10 per group."

Controls Used: "Control rodent diet (10% energy from fat)."

Dose Used: "5% freeze-dried RB powder (based on dry feed weight)."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Means±S.E.M. #P<.10; *P<.05; **P<.01."

Adverse Events: No adverse events reported.

Conflict of Interest: "There are no conflicts of interest to declare."

Burton-Freeman BM, Sandhu AK, Edirisinghe I. Red Raspberries and Their Bioactive Polyphenols: Cardiometabolic and Neuronal Health Links. Adv Nutr. 2016;7(1):44-65. doi:10.3945/an.115.009639. 

Publication Date: "Available online 7 January 2016, Version of Record 24 February 2023."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Review of available literature."

Methodology: Review of in vitro, animal, and limited human studies on red raspberries and their polyphenolic components.

Sample Size: Not applicable (Review study).

Controls Used: Not applicable (Review study).

Dose Used: Various doses in different studies, including 0.2% to 5% of ellagic acid in animal models, and 100 g of red raspberries in human interventions.

Statistical Significance Declared: No specific p-values reported in the review.

Adverse Events: No adverse events reported.

Conflict of Interest: Not mentioned.

Aiyer HS, Vadhanam MV, Stoyanova R, Caprio GD, Clapper ML, Gupta RC. Dietary berries and ellagic acid prevent oxidative DNA damage and modulate expression of DNA repair genes. Int J Mol Sci. 2008;9(3):327-341. doi:10.3390/ijms9030327.

Publication Date: "Published online 2008 Mar 12."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Short-term in vivo dietary intervention study."

Methodology: Female CD-1 mice were fed control diets or diets supplemented with 5% dehydrated berries or 400 ppm ellagic acid for 3 weeks, and DNA damage was analyzed using 32P-postlabeling/TLC.

Sample Size: "n=6."

Controls Used: "Control diet."

Dose Used: "5% (w/w) of berries or 400 ppm ellagic acid."

Statistical Significance Declared: "63% reduction of P-1 adducts (p<0.05), 68% reduction of P-2 adducts (p < 0.001), and 59% reduction in oxidative DNA damage (p < 0.001)."

Adverse Events: "Absence of toxicity at the doses tested."

Conflict of Interest: No conflicts of interest declared.

Bibi S, Du M, Zhu MJ. Dietary Red Raspberry Reduces Colorectal Inflammation and Carcinogenic Risk in Mice with Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis. J Nutr. 2018;148(5):667-674. doi:10.1093/jn/nxy007. 

Publication Date: "Published online 2018 Apr 20."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Dietary red raspberry supplementation study in dextran sulfate sodium–induced chronic colitis in mice."

Methodology: Mice were divided into control and RB-supplemented groups (5% of dry feed weight), exposed to DSS to induce colitis, and monitored for colitis symptoms, inflammation, and cancer risk.

Sample Size: "n = 12/group."

Controls Used: "Control diet (without RB supplementation)."

Dose Used: "5% of dry feed weight."

Statistical Significance Declared: "RB supplementation reduced histologic damage by 38.9% (P ≤ 0.01), reduced proliferating cell nuclear antigen by 70% (P ≤ 0.01), and reduced β-catenin and STAT3 signaling by 19–33% (P ≤ 0.05)."

Adverse Events: "No difference in feed intake and water consumption."

Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest declared.

Heyman L, Axling U, Blanco N, Sterner O, Holm C, Berger K. Evaluation of Beneficial Metabolic Effects of Berries in High-Fat Fed C57BL/6J Mice. J Nutr Metab. 2014;2014:403041. doi:10.1155/2014/403041. 

Publication Date: "Published online 2014 Jan 14."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "C57BL/6J mice were fed high-fat diets supplemented with berries (20% w/w) for 13 weeks."

Methodology: Mice were fed high-fat diets with or without berry supplementation (20% w/w), body weight and food intake were monitored weekly, and metabolic parameters were measured.

Sample Size: "10 groups of 12 mice each."

Controls Used: "Macronutrient-matched isocaloric high-fat diet without supplements."

Dose Used: "20% w/w of freeze-dried berries."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Significant differences in body weight and insulin levels (P < 0.05)."

Adverse Events: No adverse events reported.

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper."

Różyło R, Amarowicz R, Janiak MA, Domin M, Gawłowski S, Kulig R, Łysiak G, Rząd K, Matwijczuk A. Micronized Powder of Raspberry Pomace as a Source of Bioactive Compounds. Molecules. 2023;28(12):4871. doi:10.3390/molecules28124871.

Publication Date: "Published online 2023 Jun 20."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Micronization of freeze-dried raspberry pomace byproducts with the applied ball mill."

Methodology: Freeze-dried raspberry pomace was micronized for 10 or 20 minutes using a ball mill, and its biochemical properties were analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy, sugar content identification, and UHPLC-Q-TOFMS/MS for phenolic compounds.

Sample Size: Not explicitly stated for biological samples.

Controls Used: "Control sample of freeze-dried non-micronized raspberry pomace (CRP)."

Dose Used: Not applicable (experimental study on raspberry pomace processing).

Statistical Significance Declared: "Significantly higher amounts of fructose and glucose were found in micronized samples (p < 0.05)."

Adverse Events: None reported.

Conflict of Interest: Not explicitly stated.

Morillas-Ruiz, J., Zafrilla, P., Almar, M., Cuevas, M. J., Lopez, F. J., Abellan, P., Villegas, J. A., and Gonzalez-Gallego, J. The effects of an antioxidant-supplemented beverage on exercise-induced oxidative stress: results from a placebo-controlled double-blind study in cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005;95(5-6):543-549.

Publication Date: "Published: 31 August 2005."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Placebo-controlled double-blind study."

Methodology: Moderately trained cyclists were randomly allocated to receive an antioxidant or placebo beverage before and during a 90-minute exercise at 70% effort on a bicycle ergometer.

Sample Size: "13 subjects in each group."

Controls Used: "Placebo beverage identical in appearance and taste."

Dose Used: "30 ml·kg−1 pre-exercise and during a 90 min test, 30 ml·kg−1 every 15 min."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Significant treatment by time interaction (F1,48=4.89, P=0.041) for urinary 8-OHdG; significant 29% decrease in protein carbonyls (P=0.008)."

Adverse Events: None reported.

Conflict of Interest: Not stated.

Mullen, W., Lean, M. E., and Crozier, A. Rapid characterization of anthocyanins in red raspberry fruit by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to single quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr.A 8-9-2002;966(1-2):63-70.

Publication Date: "Received 18 March 2002, Revised 16 May 2002, Accepted 17 May 2002, Available online 15 July 2002."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to single quadrupole mass spectrometry study."

Methodology: Red raspberries were extracted using acidified methanol, and the extracts were analyzed via reversed-phase HPLC, monitored with UV-Vis absorbance at 371 and 520 nm, and introduced into a mass spectrometer using APCI in positive ion mode.

Sample Size: "Forty grams of red raspberries (Rubes idaeus L. var. Glen Ample)."

Controls Used: Not applicable (analytical study).

Dose Used: Not applicable (analytical study).

Statistical Significance Declared: Not applicable (analytical study).

Adverse Events: None reported.

Conflict of Interest: "This investigation was supported by a flexible funding grant... The LC-MS system used in the study was purchased with a BBSRC grant."

Puupponen-Pimia, R., Nohynek, L., Hartmann-Schmidlin, S., Kahkonen, M., Heinonen, M., Maatta-Riihinen, K., and Oksman-Caldentey, K. M. Berry phenolics selectively inhibit the growth of intestinal pathogens. J Appl Microbiol. 2005;98(4):991-1000. 

Publication Date: "First published: 04 February 2005."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "In vitro study on the antimicrobial activity of berry phenolics."

Methodology: Bacterial strains of Staphylococcus, Salmonella, and Listeria were exposed to lyophilized berry powders and phenolic extracts from cloudberry, raspberry, and other berries, and growth was monitored using plate count methods.

Sample Size: Not applicable (in vitro study).

Controls Used: "Lactobacillus rhamnosus was used as a negative control."

Dose Used: "Final concentrations of 1 or 5 mg/ml (extracts), 2 or 10 mg/ml (dry berry powder)."

Statistical Significance Declared: Not specifically reported in the text.

Adverse Events: None reported.

Conflict of Interest: "This study was financially supported by Tekes, the National Technology Agency."

Franck M, de Toro-Martín J, Garneau V, et al. Effects of Daily Raspberry Consumption on Immune-Metabolic Health in Subjects at Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2020 Dec 17;12(12):3858. 

Publication Date: "Published online 2020 Dec 17."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "A two-arm parallel-group, randomized, controlled trial."

Methodology: 59 overweight or abdominally obese subjects were randomized to either consume 280 g/day of frozen raspberries or maintain their usual diet for 8 weeks, with pre- and post-intervention measurements of metabolic parameters, gene expression, and metabolomics.

Sample Size: "59 subjects."

Controls Used: "Control group maintained their usual diet."

Dose Used: "280 g/day of frozen raspberries."

Statistical Significance Declared: "No significant effect on plasma insulin, glucose, inflammatory marker concentrations, or blood pressure (p > 0.05). Significant changes in β-alanine (p = 0.005), TMAO (p = 0.008), and GDCA (p = 0.01)."

Adverse Events: "No adverse events related to raspberry supplementation were reported."

Conflict of Interest: Not explicitly stated.

Henrotin Y, Cozannet RL, Fança-Berthon P, et al. Rubus idaeus extract improves symptoms in knee osteoarthritis patients: results from a phase II double-blind randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2022;23(1):650. 

Publication Date: "Published online 2022 Jul 7."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial."

Methodology: 198 participants with knee osteoarthritis were randomized to receive daily doses of 200 mg or 400 mg of RIE or placebo for 12 weeks. Pain was evaluated using the VAS and WOMAC scales.

Sample Size: "198 participants."

Controls Used: "Placebo."

Dose Used: "400 mg and 200 mg of Rubus idaeus extract."

Statistical Significance Declared: "VAS pain reduction at 400 mg dose (p = 0.0176); no significant difference for WOMAC pain."

Adverse Events: "Gastrointestinal issues and elevated blood results, with 2.2% of participants discontinuing due to adverse effects."

Conflict of Interest: None declared.

Kshatriya D, Li X, Giunta GM, et al. Phenolic-enriched raspberry fruit extract (Rubus idaeus) resulted in lower weight gain, increased ambulatory activity, and elevated hepatic lipoprotein lipase and heme oxygenase-1 expression in male mice fed a high-fat diet. Nutr Res 2019;68:19-33. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2019.05.005.

Publication Date: "Received 14 February 2019, Revised 6 May 2019, Accepted 17 May 2019, Available online 23 May 2019, Version of Record 26 June 2019."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "In vivo rodent study with high-fat diet."

Methodology: Male mice were fed high-fat diets and given oral doses of raspberry extracts or ketones. Metabolic parameters, gene expression, and body composition were monitored.

Sample Size: "n=24 for REH, REL, RK groups; n=23 for VEH."

Controls Used: "Vehicle (VEH)."

Dose Used: "0.2 g/kg (REL, RK) and 2 g/kg (REH)."

Statistical Significance Declared: "REH significantly reduced body weight gain (P < 0.05); REH had lower blood glucose in OGTT (P < 0.05); increased Hmox1 and Lpl expression (P < 0.001)."

Adverse Events: None reported.

Conflict of Interest: "The authors have no conflict of interests."

Zhang X, Sandhu A, Edirisinghe I, Burton-Freeman B. An exploratory study of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) (poly)phenols/metabolites in human biological samples. Food Funct 2018;9(2):806-18. doi: 10.1039/c7fo00893g. 

Publication Date: "First published 21 Dec 2017."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Exploratory study using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) and triple quadrupole (QQQ) mass spectrometries."

Methodology: Red raspberry polyphenols and metabolites were analyzed in plasma, urine, and breast milk samples after chronic consumption of red raspberries using UHPLC-QTOF and UHPLC-QQQ.

Sample Size: "2 healthy volunteers and 1 lactating volunteer."

Controls Used: Not applicable (exploratory study).

Dose Used: "1 cup (~125 g) of red raspberry purée per day for 4 weeks."

Statistical Significance Declared: Not specifically reported.

Adverse Events: None reported.

Conflict of Interest: "There are no conflicts to declare."

Beekwilder, J., Hall, R. D., and de Vos, C. H. Identification and dietary relevance of antioxidants from raspberry. Biofactors 2005;23(4):197-205.

Publication Date: "Published online 19 Dec 2008."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Review of existing literature on antioxidant properties of raspberry."

Methodology: Review of antioxidant measurements, bioavailability studies, and effects of storage/processing on raspberry antioxidants.

Sample Size: Not applicable (literature review).

Controls Used: Not applicable (literature review).

Dose Used: Not applicable (literature review).

Statistical Significance Declared: Not applicable (literature review).

Adverse Events: None reported.

Conflict of Interest: Not stated explicitly.