Machado MMF, Ático EM, Banin RM, Hirata BKS, Kempe PRG, Pedroso AP, Thomaz FM, Oyama LM, Ribeiro EB, Bueno AA, Cerutti SM, Telles MM. Ginkgo biloba extract modulates astrocytic and microglial recruitment in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of menopause-induced ovariectomized rats. Brain Research. 2024;1822:148659. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148659

Publication Date: "1 January 2024"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Ovariectomy (Ovx) or false-Ovx (Sham) surgery were performed in 2-month-old female Wistar rats."

Methodology: Ovariectomy or sham surgery in female Wistar rats, daily gavage with saline or GbE, sacrifice and brain harvesting, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analyses.

Sample Size: "Female Wistar rats (n = 14)"

Controls Used: "Ovx + Veh" (ovariectomized rats with vehicle) and "Sham" (false-Ovx surgery).

Dose Used: "500 mg/Kg GbE dissolved in 1.5 mL saline"

Statistical Significance Declared: "Statistically significant differences were found in Iba-1 reactive cells in the following dHF regions: CA1 (F(2,10) = 7.029; p = 0.012), CA3 (F(2,10) = 17.35; p < 0.001), Dentate gyrus (DG) (F(2,10) = 8.782; p = 0.006), as well as in the vHF DG (p = 0.002)."

Adverse Events due to Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation: None stated in the study.

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper."

Pebdani MA, Taavoni S, Seyedfatemi N, Haghani H. Triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Ginkgo biloba extract on sexual desire in postmenopausal women in Tehran. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research. 2014;19(3):227-231. doi:10.4103/1735-9066.137613

Publication Date: "2014 May-Jun"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial"

Methodology: Randomized 80 healthy female volunteers into two groups (GBE and placebo), assessed sexual desire using the Sabbatsberg Sexual Rating Scale (SSRS) before and after 30 days of treatment with GBE (120-240 mg daily) or placebo.

Sample Size: "80 healthy female volunteers"

Controls Used: "Placebo"

Dose Used: "120-240 mg daily"

Statistical Significance Declared: "P = 0.02" for sexual desire improvement in the GBE group compared to placebo.

Adverse Events due to Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation: "No complications were reported."

Conflict of Interest: "Nil"

Machado MMF, Banin RM, Thomaz FM, de Andrade IS, Boldarine VT, de Souza Figueiredo J, et al. Ginkgo biloba Extract (GbE) Restores Serotonin and Leptin Receptor Levels and Plays an Antioxidative Role in the Hippocampus of Ovariectomized Rats. Mol Neurobiol. 2021;58(6):2692-2703. doi:10.1007/s12035-021-02281-5

Publication Date: "25 January 2021"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "randomized controlled trial"

Methodology: Female Wistar rats had ovaries surgically removed (OVX) or not (SHAM), treated with GbE 500 mg kg−1 or saline for 14 days, and hippocampi were collected for analysis.

Sample Size: "Two-month-old female Wistar rats"

Controls Used: "SHAM and OVX groups received saline 0.9% (vehicle)"

Dose Used: "GbE 500 mg kg−1"

Statistical Significance Declared: "p < 0.001" for 5-HT1A reduction, "p = 0.035" for 5-HT1B reduction, "p = 0.013" for 5-HT1A increase with GbE, "p = 0.021" for LepR increase with GbE, "p = 0.032" for SOD increase, "p = 0.031" for GPx increase.

Adverse Events due to Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation: The study does not state any adverse events directly linked to Ginkgo Biloba supplementation.

Conflict of Interest: The study does not declare any conflicts of interest.

Elsabagh S, Hartley DE, File SE. Limited cognitive benefits in Stage +2 postmenopausal women after 6 weeks of treatment with Ginkgo biloba. J Psychopharmacol. 2005;19(2):173-181. doi:10.1177/0269881105049038

Publication Date: "Mar 2005."

Peer Reviewed: Yes.

Study Design: "Placebo-controlled, double-blind study."

Methodology: Postmenopausal women (aged 51–67 years) randomly allocated to receive 120 mg/day of ginkgo or placebo for 6 weeks. Cognitive tests and mood assessments conducted at baseline and after 6 weeks.

Sample Size: "n = 45" (ginkgo group) and "n = 42" (placebo group).

Controls Used: "Matching placebo."

Dose Used: "One capsule/day of 120 mg."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Significant effects of ginkgo were in the test of mental flexibility... significant menopausal stage–ginkgo interactions" (p-values: "p < 0.0001," "p < 0.001," "p < 0.02," "p < 0.05," "p = 0.04," "p = 0.02").

Adverse Events due to Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation: "None reported any side-effects."

Conflict of Interest: "This work was funded by a grant from the Dunhill Medical Trust. We would like to thank Dr R. Middleton of Lichtwer Pharma UK for the generous gift of Ginkyo and matched placebo tablets and for help in recruiting volunteers."

Banin RM, de Andrade IS, Cerutti SM, Oyama LM, Telles MM, Ribeiro EB. Ginkgo biloba Extract (GbE) Stimulates the Hypothalamic Serotonergic System and Attenuates Obesity in Ovariectomized Rats. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8. doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00605

Publication Date: "05 September 2017"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Original Research"

Methodology: Wistar rats either ovariectomized or Sham-operated. After 2 months, administered 500 mg.kg-1 of GbE or vehicle daily by gavage for 14 days. Subset received i.c.v. injection of serotonin or vehicle, measured food intake after 12 and 24 hours. Another subset underwent in vivo microdialysis, measured 5-HT levels by high performance liquid chromatography, and additional animals used for Western blotting.

Sample Size: "OVX (n = 49) or Sham (n = 48)"

Controls Used: "Vehicle"

Dose Used: "500 mg.kg-1 of GbE"

Statistical Significance Declared: "F(1,47) = 3928.55; p < 0.0001" for body mass in Sham rats. "F(1,48) = 7808.63; p < 0.0001" for body mass in OVX rats. "p = 0.027" for 23% reduction in retroperitoneal fat pad mass. "p = 0.035" for 20% reduction in visceral fat pads sum. "F(3,31) = 6.425, p = 0.017" for AUC relating serotonin levels to time after GbE administration.

Adverse Events due to Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation: The study does not state any adverse events directly linked to Ginkgo Biloba supplementation.

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."

Banin RM, Machado MMF, de Andrade IS, Carvalho LOT, Hirata BKS, de Andrade HM, Júlio VdS, Ribeiro JdSF, Cerutti SM, Oyama LM, Ribeiro EB, Telles MM. Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) attenuates obesity and anxious/depressive-like behaviours induced by ovariectomy. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(1):44. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78528-3

Publication Date: "Published: 08 January 2021"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Wistar female rats were either ovariectomized (OVX) or sham-operated (Sham)."

Methodology: "After 2 months, either 500 mg/kg of GbE or vehicle were administered daily by gavage for 14 days. Anxious/depressive-like behaviours were assessed by the Elevated Plus Maze and the Forced Swim Tests, respectively."

Sample Size: "Fifty nine 8-week-old female Wistar rats undergone bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) or false-ovariectomy (Sham)."

Controls Used: "Sham-operated (Sham)"

Dose Used: "500 mg/kg of GbE"

Statistical Significance Declared: "The anxiety index (p = 0.004)", "latency to immobility (p = 0.003)", "leptin (p = 0.047)", "total cholesterol levels (p = 0.022)", "body adiposity (p = 0.00005)", "HDL-Cholesterol levels (p = 0.025)", "the OVX + GbE group presented a lower index in comparison to the OVX group (− 17%, p = 0.004)."

Adverse Events due to Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation: No adverse events due to Ginkgo Biloba supplementation were directly linked in the study.

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare no competing interests."

Oh SM, Chung KH. Estrogenic activities of Ginkgo biloba extracts. Life Sciences. 2004 Jan 30;74(11):1325-1335. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.06.045.

Publication Date: "30 January 2004"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Investigate the potencies of GBE and its major components (quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin) for estrogenic effect."

Methodology: Competitive binding assay, cytotoxicity test, cell proliferation assay (E-screen assay), pS2 mRNA expression assay (RT-PCR).

Sample Size: "At least three determinations were carried out for each data point."

Controls Used: "Incubation with ethanol alone was performed as control (Con) and the final concentration of ethanol in the medium never exceeded 0.1%."

Dose Used: "The solution of GBE was prepared in 50% ethanol as a 500 μg/ml."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Comparisons were made with Student's t-tests. Values significantly different from each group (*p<0.01, **p<0.05)."

Adverse Events due to Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation: "Cytostatic effect was appeared at 1,000 μg/ml in MCF-7." "Kaempferol (10−4 M) strongly induced cytotoxicity in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231." "In ER-negative MDA-MB-231 cell, all test compounds showed cytotoxic effect in a dose-dependent manner." "Cytotoxic effect could be induced at high concentration."

Conflict of Interest: "This study was supported by the Brain Korea 21 grants from Korea Research Foundation in Korea."

Oh SM, Chung KH. Antiestrogenic activities of Ginkgo biloba extracts. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2006;100(4):167-176. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.04.007

Publication Date: "Available online 13 July 2006."

Peer Reviewed: Yes.

Study Design: "In this study, the antiestrogenic activity of the GBE-mediated estrogen receptor was examined using a MCF-7 cell proliferation assay, a pS2 gene expression assay and a transactivation system."

Methodology: Cell proliferation assay, reporter gene assay, mRNA level (RT-PCR), enzyme activity (intact cell-EROD activity), E2 metabolism, aromatase activity.

Sample Size: MCF-7 cells and JEG-3 cells, exact numbers not provided.

Controls Used: "Ethanol or DMSO alone was performed as the control and the final concentration of ethanol in the medium never exceeded 0.2%."

Dose Used: "GBE concentrations (from 10 to 1000 μg/ml)."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Comparisons were made using a Student's t-tests. Values are significantly different from each E2, E2 (10−11 M, RPE = 92.18%) [^p < 0.05, ^^p < 0.01 (B)] or E2 (10−7 M, RPE = 75.69%) [#p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01 (C)]."

Adverse Events due to Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation: "GBE (≥500) induced cytotoxicity in ER-negative MDA-MB-231 cells, but not in ER-positive MCF-7 cell."

Conflict of Interest: "This study was supported by Brain Korea 21 grants from the Korea Research Foundation and Meditec Korea Pharm. Co. Ltd. in Korea."

Cieza A, Maier P, Pöppel E. Effects of Ginkgo biloba on mental functioning in healthy volunteers. Archives of Medical Research. 2003;34(5):373-381. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2003.05.001

Publication Date: "Available online 30 October 2003."

Peer Reviewed: Yes.

Study Design: "Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, monocentric study."

Methodology: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. Subjects were healthy volunteers aged 50-65 without cognitive impairment. Assessments were conducted at baseline and after 4 weeks, with primary and secondary outcomes measured using various tests and scales.

Sample Size: "Sixty six healthy volunteers aged between 50 and 65 years."

Controls Used: "Placebo."

Dose Used: "240 mg, tid."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Descriptive p values <0.05 for intergroup comparisons of test results at final examination were considered as indications of effectiveness of EGb 761® regarding the corresponding mental function."

Adverse Events due to Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation: "Headache" (possibly related in 2 patients), "Flatulence, meteorism" (possibly related in 2 patients), "Skin reactions" (unrelated in 1 patient, possibly related in 2 patients).

Conflict of Interest: "Dr. Willmar at Schwabe Pharmaceuticals, Karlsruhe, Germany provided support for this study."

De Feo V, Sun M, Chai L, Lu F, Zhao Y, Li Q, Cui B, Gao R, Liu Y. Efficacy and Safety of Ginkgo Biloba Pills for Coronary Heart Disease with Impaired Glucose Regulation: Study Protocol for a Series of N-of-1 Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trials. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2018;2018:7571629. doi:10.1155/2018/7571629

Publication Date: "Published online 2018 Oct 14."

Peer Reviewed: Yes.

Study Design: "randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-case clinical trial"

Methodology: Single-case randomized controlled trial, crossover design with 3 cycles, each consisting of 6 treatment periods (8 weeks each) and a 2-week washout period before each treatment period. Randomization and blinding applied to participants and investigators.

Sample Size: "A total of 12 subjects will be recruited in this trial."

Controls Used: "Placebo"

Dose Used: "Subjects will take random oral Ginkgo biloba pills or Ginkgo biloba drop pills simulant at each period, three times a day, five at a time."

Statistical Significance Declared: "When the P value is less than or equal to 0.05, the difference is considered statistically significant."

Adverse Events due to Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation: "There are few side effects." No specific adverse events directly linked to Ginkgo Biloba supplementation are reported.

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest."

Mix JA, David Crews Jr. W. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® in a sample of cognitively intact older adults: neuropsychological findings. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp. 2002;17(6):267-277. doi:10.1002/hup.412

Publication Date: "Published online 5 July 2002."

Peer Reviewed: Yes.

Study Design: "The study utilized a 6-week, randomized, double-blind, fixed-dose, placebo-controlled, parallel-group experimental design."

Methodology: Participants were randomly assigned to either the Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 7611 or placebo group, completed an initial medical history questionnaire, underwent physical examination and laboratory screening, and were administered neuropsychological tests before and after 6 weeks of treatment.

Sample Size: "Two hundred and sixty-two community-dwelling volunteers."

Controls Used: "Placebo-controlled."

Dose Used: "180 mg/day" (60 mg/dose, three times daily).

Statistical Significance Declared: "A significant difference, F(1, 217) = 4.36, p < 0.04, was found between the EGb 7611 and placebo groups’ change in performance scores for the Selective Reminding Test delayed free recall task. A significant difference, F(1, 217) = 6.79, p < 0.01, was also noted for the Selective Reminding Test delayed recognition task. Additionally, a significant difference, F(1, 245) = 5.18, p < 0.025, was found on the WMS-III Faces II subtest."

Adverse Events due to Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation: "no causal relationship was determined between the EGb 7611 treatment and any adverse event."

Conflict of Interest: "Contract/grant sponsor: Dr Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co., Karlsruhe, Germany. Contract/grant sponsor: Nature’s Way Products, Inc., Springville, Utah, USA."

Demarin V, Bašić Kes V, Trkanjec Z, Budišić M, Bošnjak Pašić M, Črnac P, Budinčević H. Efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba standardized extract in the treatment of vascular cognitive impairment: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2017;13:483-490. doi:10.2147/NDT.S120790

Publication Date: "Published 16 February 2017"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial"

Methodology: Randomly allocated 90 patients to receive G. biloba 120 mg, G. biloba 60 mg, or placebo for 6 months; assessed efficacy indicators including neuropsychological tests and transcranial Doppler ultrasound findings; safety indicators included laboratory findings, reported adverse reactions, and clinical examination.

Sample Size: "90 patients"

Controls Used: "placebo"

Dose Used: "two G. biloba tablets daily (a total of 120 mg of G. biloba extract), one placebo tablet and one G. biloba tablet daily (a total of 60 mg of G. biloba extract), or two placebo tablets daily"

Statistical Significance Declared: "G. biloba 120 and 60 mg showed a statistically significant positive effect in comparison with placebo only on the Clinical Global Impression score (P=0.038)." "The Clinical Global Impression score showed a significant deterioration from the baseline values in the placebo group (P=0.021)."

Adverse Events due to Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation: "The greatest number of adverse reactions was reported in the placebo group (nine serious), followed by the G. biloba 60 mg group (three serious) and the G. biloba 120 mg group (no serious adverse reactions)."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work."

Gavrilova SI, Preuss UW, Wong JWM, Hoerr R, Kaschel R, Bachinskaya N, the GIMCIPlus Study Group. Efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® in mild cognitive impairment with neuropsychiatric symptoms: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multi-center trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;29(10):1087-1095. doi:10.1002/gps.4103

Publication Date: "First published: 16 March 2014."

Peer Reviewed: Yes.

Study Design: "randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multi-center trial."

Methodology: 160 patients with MCI randomized to receive 240 mg EGb 761 daily or placebo for 24 weeks; assessments using NPI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Geriatric Depression Scale, Trail-Making Test, and global ratings of change; statistical analyses followed the intention-to-treat principle.

Sample Size: "One hundred and sixty patients."

Controls Used: "placebo."

Dose Used: "240 mg EGb 761 daily."

Statistical Significance Declared: "p = 0.001" for NPI composite score; "p = 0.002" for improvement by at least 4 points; "p < 0.05" for State-Trait Anxiety Inventory score, informants' global impression of change, and Trail-Making Test scores; "p = 0.0658" for Geriatric Depression Scale; "p = 0.0140" for informants' global impression of change.

Adverse Events due to Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation: "Adverse events (all non-serious) were reported by 37 patients taking EGb 761"; "AEs reported for at least 5% of patients in either group were headache (EGb 761, six patients), increased blood pressure (EGb 761, six patients), respiratory tract infection (EGb 761, seven patients), and dyspepsia/epigastric discomfort (EGb 761, four patients)"; "For 18 AEs observed under EGb 761 treatment, a causal relationship with treatment could not be ruled out under double-blind conditions."

Conflict of Interest: "S. I. G. was the principal investigator of the study and received investigator fees from the sponsor; U. W. P., R. K., and N. B. received honoraria as advisors to the sponsor; R. H. is an employee of the sponsor receiving a fixed salary; J. W. M. W. has no conflict of interest."

Wu YZ, Li SQ, Zu XG, Du J, Wang FF. Ginkgo biloba extract improves coronary artery circulation in patients with coronary artery disease: contribution of plasma nitric oxide and endothelin-1.Phytother Res. 2008;22(6):734-739. doi:10.1002/ptr.2335

Publication Date: "Jun 2008"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial"

Methodology: Randomized 80 CAD patients into GBE and control groups, administered GBE intravenously, measured LAD blood flow and plasma NO and ET-1 levels before and after 2 weeks, used Doppler echocardiography and statistical analysis with SPSS.

Sample Size: "Eighty patients were randomly assigned to the GBE group (n = 42) or the control group (n = 38)."

Controls Used: "control (physiological saline solution)"

Dose Used: "intravenous administration of GBE (87.5 mg/day)"

Statistical Significance Declared: "MDPV, MSPV, and DTVI improvement from baseline, respectively, p < 0.01; F for interaction = 1144.08, 787.36 and 1727.64, respectively, p < 0.01"

Adverse Events due to Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation: "There were no complications caused by GBE therapy, which was well tolerated by all enrolled patients."

Conflict of Interest: Not stated.

Wu Y, Li S, Cui W, Zu X, Du J, Wang F. Ginkgo biloba extract improves coronary blood flow in healthy elderly adults: role of endothelium-dependent vasodilation.Phytomedicine. 2008;15(3):164-169. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2007.12.002

Publication Date: "10 March 2008"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "double-blinded, randomized, and placebo-controlled design."

Methodology: Non-invasive high-resolution ultrasound measured LAD blood flow and brachial artery FMD before and after GBE or saline administration. Parameters included MDPV, MSPV, and DTVI of LAD blood flow, measured using Doppler echocardiography.

Sample Size: "Sixty subjects were randomly assigned to GBE group (n=30) or control group (n=30)."

Controls Used: "placebo (physiologic saline solution)."

Dose Used: "GBE (0.7 mg/min) for 120 min."

Statistical Significance Declared: "MDPV, MSPV, and DTVI improvement from baseline, respectively, p<0.01." "Brachial artery FMD was also increased by 56.03% (p<0.01)." "Pearson's correlations for continuous variables: p<0.01, p<0.05, or p<0.01."

Adverse Events due to Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation: "There were no complications caused by GBE therapy, which was well tolerated by all enrolled subjects."

Conflict of Interest: Not stated.

Zuo W, Yan F, Zhang B, Li J, Mei D. Advances in the Studies of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves Extract on Aging-Related Diseases.Aging Dis. 2017;8(6):812-826. Published 2017 Dec 1. doi:10.14336/AD.2017.0615

Publication Date: "Published online 2017 Dec 1."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Reviewed several pharmacological mechanisms of EGb."

Methodology: Reviewed basic and clinical studies, analyzed various pharmacological actions, and evaluated relevant clinical trials.

Sample Size: Varies across different studies, including clinical trials with sample sizes like 66, 188, and 2561 participants.

Controls Used: Placebo controls in clinical trials.

Dose Used: EGb 761 doses ranging from 25-100 μg/ml in vitro, 48 mg/kg in animal studies, and up to 240 mg/day in human clinical trials.

Statistical Significance Declared: Not specified in the provided text.

Adverse Events due to Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation: "Three trials reported adverse results."

Conflict of Interest: No conflicts of interest declared in the provided text.

Noor-E-Tabassum, Das R, Lami MS, et al.Ginkgo biloba: A Treasure of Functional Phytochemicals with Multimedicinal Applications.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022;2022:8288818. Published 2022 Feb 28. doi:10.1155/2022/8288818

Publication Date: "Published online 2022 Feb 28"​​.

Peer Reviewed: Yes​​.

Study Design: "randomized controlled trial"​​.

Methodology: RCTs, animal models, and human studies evaluating therapeutic potential, chemical constituents, toxicity, adverse effects, synergistic effects, and clinical studies.

Sample Size: "60 T2DM patients"​​.

Controls Used: "placebo (starch) 120 mg/day"​​.

Dose Used: "dosages varying from 80 to 720 mg/d"​​.

Statistical Significance Declared: "Adjuvant G. biloba treatment improved total cholesterol (median: 0.61 mmol/L; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.33–0.90 mmol/L), LDL-C (median: 0.32 mmol/L; 95% CI 0.16–0.48 mmol/L), HDL-C (median: 0.26 mmol/L; 95% CI 0.15–0.37 mmol/L), and TG (median: 0.32 mmol/L; 95% CI 0.20–0.43 mmol/L)"​​.

Adverse Events due to Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation: "Tonic and clonic convulsions, vomiting, and loss of consciousness are symptoms associated with G. biloba seed poisoning"​​. "Irregular nocturnal palpitations that were connected to the proarrhythmic activities of G. biloba"​​. "Allergic contact dermatitis after contact with Ginkgo tree fruit amid Ginkgo leaves"​​. "High doses and long-term administration of G. biloba can cause several toxic effects"​​.

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest"​​.

Ali SS, Ahsan H, Zia MK, Siddiqui T, Khan FH. Understanding oxidants and antioxidants: Classical team with new players.J Food Biochem. 2020;44(3)

. doi:10.1111/jfbc.13145

Publication Date: "First published: 20 January 2020"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Review article"

Methodology: Literature review of existing research on antioxidants and oxidants, covering various classes of reactive species and the body's antioxidant defense mechanisms.

Sample Size: Not applicable (review article).

Controls Used: Not applicable (review article).

Dose Used: Not specified (review article).

Statistical Significance Declared: Not applicable (review article).

Adverse Events due to Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation: Not specified.

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests."

Kaur S, Sharma N, Nehru B. Anti-inflammatory effects of Ginkgo biloba extract against trimethyltin-induced hippocampal neuronal injury.Inflammopharmacology. 2018;26(1):87-104. doi:10.1007/s10787-017-0396-2

Publication Date: "16 September 2017"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Animal studies"

Methodology: Male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into four groups, control received normal saline, TMT group received single dose of TMT [8.5 mg kg−1 b.wt (i.p)], Ginkgo biloba group received Ginkgo biloba [100 mg kg−1 b.wt (i.p)] once daily for 21 days, TMT + Ginkgo biloba group had TMT injected once and G. biloba administered daily for 21 days.

Sample Size: "The animals were divided into four groups (n = 12)."

Controls Used: "The control received normal saline as vehicle."

Dose Used: "Ginkgo biloba [100 mg kg−1 b.wt (i.p)] once daily for a period of 21 days."

Statistical Significance Declared: "a p < 0.05, b p < 0.01, c p < 0.001 by Newman–Keuls test when the values are compared with those of the normal control group. x p < 0.05, y p < 0.01, z p < 0.001 by Newman–Keuls test when the values of TMT + GP are compared with those of the TMT-treated group."

Adverse Events due to Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation: No adverse events directly linked to Ginkgo Biloba supplementation stated.

Conflict of Interest: "We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome."

Tao Z , Jin W , Ao M , Zhai S , Xu H , Yu L . Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory properties of the active constituents in Ginkgo biloba for the treatment of pulmonary diseases.Food Funct. 2019;10(4):2209-2220. doi:10.1039/c8fo02506a

Publication Date: "18 March 2019."

Peer Reviewed: Yes.

Study Design: "The therapeutic effects of different G. biloba extracts in an OVA-induced allergic animal model were evaluated."

Methodology: Various G. biloba extracts prepared. OVA-sensitized mice administered different extracts. Cytokine levels analyzed using ELISA. RNA expression measured using qRT-PCR. Inflammatory cytokines and neutrophil elastase monitored.

Sample Size: "Each group consisted of eight mice".

Controls Used: "Negative control group treated with saline." "OVA-sensitized and challenged mice administered with 0.9% NaCl as the positive control."

Dose Used: "10, 40, and 80 mg per kg body weight of biflavones." "2000 mg per kg body weight of the ethyl acetate extract."

Statistical Significance Declared: "P values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant."

Adverse Events due to Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation: "No evident clinical signs of toxicity in treated animals.”, "The dose of 2000 mg per kg body weight of the ethyl acetate extract of G. biloba did not cause death and no evident clinical signs of toxicity in treated animals."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest."

Labkovich M, Jacobs EB, Bhargava S, Pasquale LR, Ritch R. Ginkgo Biloba Extract in Ophthalmic and Systemic Disease, With a Focus on Normal-Tension Glaucoma.Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2020;9(3):215-225. doi:10.1097/APO.0000000000000279

Publication Date: "Published online 2020 Apr 10."

Peer Reviewed: Yes.

Study Design: "This review focuses on alternative medical approaches, specifically Ginkgo Biloba extract, as a potential treatment option for normal-tension glaucoma."

Methodology: Literature review of existing studies on Ginkgo Biloba extract in various conditions including normal-tension glaucoma.

Sample Size: Not applicable (literature review).

Controls Used: Not applicable (literature review).

Dose Used: Not applicable (literature review).

Statistical Significance Declared: Not applicable (literature review).

Adverse Events due to Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation: "Multiple studies have reported minimal adverse effects (AEs) of GBE within a specific prescribed dosage range." "Several self-reported AEs included upset stomach, headache, dizziness, constipation, palpitations, and allergic skin reactions." "Findings show spontaneous hyphema in patients taking GBE154."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors report no conflicts of interest concerning the materials or methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper."

Zhao Z, Liu Y, Lu Y, et al. Gingko biloba-inspired lactone prevents osteoarthritis by activating the AMPK-SIRT1 signaling pathway.Arthritis Res Ther. 2022;24(1):197. Published 2022 Aug 18. doi:10.1186/s13075-022-02890-y

Publication Date: "Published online 2022 Aug 18."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "In vitro experiments were performed to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of BB on ECM homeostasis. In vivo experiments were conducted to assess the protection of systemic administration of BB on cartilage degeneration."

Methodology: Bioinformatics analysis to identify bilobalide; in vitro treatment of human chondrocytes; in vivo systemic administration in a mouse model; assessment through immunofluorescence, Western blot, RT-PCR, and micro-CT.

Sample Size: "Human cartilage samples were carefully cut into fragments of 1 mm³ from tibial plateaus of six patients."

Controls Used: "Sham group, Sham + BB group, DMM group, or DMM + BB group."

Dose Used: "5 mg/kg BB or an equivalent amount of saline twice a week."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Statistically significant differences between the indicated groups are indicated by *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, or ****p < 0.0001."

Adverse Events due to Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation: The study does not state any adverse events directly linked to Ginkgo Biloba supplementation.

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."

Savage K, Firth J, Stough C, Sarris J. GABA-modulating phytomedicines for anxiety: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence.Phytother Res. 2018;32(1):3-18. doi:10.1002/ptr.5940

Publication Date: "First published: 23 November 2017"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "systematic review"

Methodology: electronic search of MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane library databases; preclinical and clinical evidence review.

Sample Size: "170 patients with GAD"

Controls Used: "placebo"

Dose Used: "either 480 or 240 mg"

Statistical Significance Declared: "significant improvements on HAM-A scale in the treatment groups after 4 weeks, with greatest effects in the high-dose condition"

Adverse Events due to Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation: "not blocked by flumazenil, suggesting that these constituents exert anxiolytic effects through alternate routes to GABA receptors"

Conflict of Interest: "The authors have declared that there is no conflict of interest."

Montes P, Ruiz-Sanchez E, Rojas C, Rojas P. Ginkgo biloba Extract 761: A Review of Basic Studies and Potential Clinical Use in Psychiatric Disorders.CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2015;14(1):132-149. doi:10.2174/1871527314666150202151440

Publication Date: "2015"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Review article"

Methodology: Literature review on basic studies and clinical trials involving Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761), its neuroprotective mechanisms, and potential therapeutic effects on psychiatric disorders.

Sample Size: Not applicable (review article)

Controls Used: Not applicable (review article)

Dose Used: Various doses reviewed in different studies, typically around "240 mg once daily" in clinical trials.

Statistical Significance Declared: Various p-values and confidence intervals from different studies reviewed; no specific value applicable to the review itself.

Adverse Events due to Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation: "A 72-year-old patient who was taking Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (50 mg three times per day during 6 to 7 months) developed subdural hematoma." "A 38-year-old woman who had been taking thiamine and Ginkgo biloba extract (240 mg/day) for the last 4 years suffered from cerebral bleeding." "A 70-year-old man who presented spontaneous bleeding from the iris of the eye (hyphema) one week after beginning ingestion of Ginkgo biloba." No conclusive evidence that Ginkgo biloba extracts (including EGb 761) are associated with an increase in bleeding.

Conflict of Interest: "The authors confirm that they have no conflict of interest."

Dai CX, Hu CC, Shang YS, Xie J. Role of Ginkgo biloba extract as an adjunctive treatment of elderly patients with depression and on the expression of serum S100B.Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(39)

. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000012421

Publication Date: "Published online 2018 Sep 28."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "136 elderly patients with depression were divided into EGb +  citalopram (Cit) group and Cit group equally."

Methodology: Elderly patients with depression, divided into two groups, treated with Cit or EGb+Cit, HAMD, HAMA, WCST tests, S100B measured by ELISA, statistical analysis with ANOVA and t-test, correlation with Pearson analysis.

Sample Size: "A total of 136 elderly patients with depression were selected."

Controls Used: "EGb + Cit group (68 cases) and Cit group (68 cases)."

Dose Used: "Oral administration of Cit for patients in this group, 20 mg per day, and 1 time a day. On the basis of Cit group, EGb + Cit group was treated with EGb Tablets (Harbin HaoBo Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) for treatment, 19.2 mg per time, and 3 times a day."

Statistical Significance Declared: "The difference between the two groups was significant regarding the time of onset of efficacy (P < .05)." "There were significant differences between the two groups of HAMD and HAMA scores at the end of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks of the treatment (P < .01)." "In EGb + Cit group, the number of correct numbers and the number of classifications were increased, and the number of persistent errors was decreased (P < .05)." "After treatment, S100B level was decreased significantly in the 2 groups (P < .05), the change of the level of S100B in EGb + Cit group was significantly higher than that in Cit group (P < .05)." "The level of serum S100B was positively correlated with HAMD and HAMA scores before treatment, and a positive correlation was found with the number of persistent errors in WCST (P < .001)."

Adverse Events due to Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation: "The adverse effects of the 2 groups were compared. The results showed that 19 cases had adverse effects in Cit group, the occurrence of which was 27.94%. In EGb + Cit group, 14 cases had adverse effects, the occurrence of which was 20.59%. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of adverse effects between the two groups (χ2 = 0.610, P = .435)."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose."

Evans JR. Ginkgo biloba extract for age-related macular degeneration.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(1)

. Published 2013 Jan 31. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001775.pub2

Publication Date: "Published online 2013 Jan 31."

Peer Reviewed: Yes.

Study Design: Review of two "Randomised controlled trials."

Methodology: Searched multiple databases, no date/language restrictions, contacted investigators, assessed trial quality, used standardised forms, verified data, measured treatment effect using risk ratio and mean difference, considered bias, and did not calculate summary measures due to different comparisons.

Sample Size: "Two published trials were identified that randomised a total of 119 people."

Controls Used: "Placebo which the authors stated had the same appearance, smell, and taste."

Dose Used: "80 mg twice daily or placebo" and "240 mg per day and 60 mg per day."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Tests of association for near vision and visual field were stated to be not statistically significant." "Mean difference of 1.7/10 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.12 to 0.22)." "There was no statistically significant difference in average visual acuity at the end of the study (mean difference in acuity at end of study 0.05, 95% CI -0.30 to 0.13)."

Adverse Events due to Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation: "One person in the high dose group reported a headache; one person in the high dose group had blood in the stools; and two people in the low dose group experienced abdominal pain."

Conflict of Interest: "None known."