Saenghong N, Wattanathorn J, Tong-Un T, Muchimapura S, Piyavhatkul N, Bunchonglikitkul C, Kajsongkram T. Ginger Supplementation Enhances Working Memory of Post-Menopausal Women. Am J Appl Sci. 2011;8(12):1241-1248. doi:10.3844/ajassp.2011.1241.1248

Publication Date: "Published On: 10 October 2011"

Peer Reviewed: "Yes"

Study Design: "Double-blind, placebo-controlled and randomized trial."

Methodology: 60 healthy post-menopausal women randomly assigned to receive placebo or ginger extract at doses of 400 and 800 mg daily for 3 months. Evaluations included biographic information, computerized battery test, and the auditory oddball paradigm of event-related potential before and after 3 months of intervention.

Sample Size: "Sixty healthy Thai middle aged women (mean age 53.40±3.57 years)."

Controls Used: "Placebo group was used as the control."

Dose Used: "Ginger extract at doses of 400 and 800 mg once daily."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Significant reductions in N100 latency (t = 3.3936, p = 0.0008), P300 latency (t = 3.7677, p = 0.0003), increased amplitudes of N100 (t = 3.6444, p = 0.0004) and P300 (t = 2.1654, p = 0.0183) compared to placebo."

Adverse Events: None reported.

Conflict of Interest: "No conflicts of interest declared."

Taha NH, Dizaye KF. Impact of Zingiber Officinale on Symptoms and Hormonal Changes During the Menopausal Period – A Clinical Trial in Duhok, Iraq. J Nat Sc Biol Med. 2022;13:133-141. DOI: 10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_13_2_7.

Publication Date: "Published: 22nd November, 2022"

Peer Reviewed: "Yes"

Study Design: "A double-blind clinical interventional study."

Methodology: 50 menopausal women randomly assigned to receive either Zingiber officinale powder (1000 mg) or starch placebo (1000 mg) daily for 12 weeks, assessed via blood samples and menopausal rating scale before and after the intervention.

Sample Size: "Fifty menopausal women."

Controls Used: "Starch as a placebo."

Dose Used: "1000 mg" of Zingiber officinale powder.

Statistical Significance Declared: "Significant increase in serum estrogen levels (p <0.001)." "Significant reduction in serum level of FSH (p <0.001)." "Significant reduction in physical symptoms of menopause (p<0.02)." "Intensity of symptoms significantly reduced by 46% in post-treatment ginger group (p<0.001)." "Significant reduction in sexual symptoms of menopausal (p<0.01)."

Adverse Events: None reported.

Conflict of Interest: "No conflicts of interest declared."

Farhadi M, Homaee H, Farzanegi Arkhazlou P. The Effect of Aerobic Training and Ginger Extract on Lipid Profiles, Body Composition and Liver Enzymes in Obese Menopausal Women. *International Journal of Diabetes & Metabolism*. 2020;12(3).doi:https://doi.org/10.18502/ijdo.v12i3.4458

Publication Date: "Published in September 2020"

Peer Reviewed: "Yes"

Study Design: "This is a quasi-experimental study."

Methodology: 48 obese menopausal women randomly divided into 4 groups (control, ginger extract, aerobic training, aerobic training-ginger extract) performed 24 weeks of interventions, measured body composition and blood lipid profiles, and liver enzymes before and after the intervention.

Sample Size: "48 obese menopause women (age; 53-58 yr)."

Controls Used: "Control group."

Dose Used: "500 mg capsule three times a day for 24 weeks."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Significantly decreased ALT and AST (P-value= 0.001)." "Improved body composition and lipid profile (P-value= 0.001)." "Exercise (P-value= 0.004) and supplementation (P-value= 0.038) had a significant effect on ALT." "Exercise (P-value= 0.004) and supplementation (P-value= 0.038) had a significant effect on AST." "Exercise (P-value= 0.026) and supplements (P-value= 0.029) had a significant effect on LDL." "Supplementation had a significant effect on triglyceride (P-value= 0.001)." "Supplement alone had a significant effect on VLDL (P-value= 0.005)."

Adverse Events: None reported.

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest."

Salekzamani Y, Shakouri SK, Dolatkhah N, Saleh P, Hashemian M. The effect of ginger and curcumin co-supplementation in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a randomised, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Herbal Med. 2023;42:100746. doi:10.1016/j.hermed.2023.100746

Publication Date: "Available online 22 August 2023"

Peer Reviewed: "Yes."

Study Design: "A randomised, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial."

Methodology: In this 4-month randomised clinical trial, patients (n = 120) were recruited from the Tabriz health centres between 2018 and 2019 and randomly assigned to one of four groups to receive: ginger plus placebo matching for curcumin (GP), curcumin plus placebo matching for ginger (CP), ginger plus curcumin (GC), and double placebo (PP) tablets. Bone mineral density (BMD) was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We measured the highly-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) using a particle-enhanced immunological turbidity test.

Sample Size: "Patients (n = 120)."

Controls Used: "Double placebo (PP) tablets."

Dose Used: "Ginger tablets (495.84 ± 18.10 mg) and curcumin tablets (52.21 ± 5.17 mg + turmeric powder (468.84 ± 18.22 mg))"

Statistical Significance Declared: "Osteocalcin (mean change [MC] = −4.22 [−7.98 to −1.54]) and ALP (MC = −36.89 [−63.55 to −10.23]) decreased in the GC group compared to the PP group." "GC was better than PP in reducing the hs-CRP levels (MC = −0.41 [−0.64 to −0.25]) and increasing the TAC (MC = 1.19 [0.97–2.41]), and SOD levels (MC = 73.83 [25.58–133.24])." "CP was better than PP in the SOD level increases."

Adverse Events: "No patient reported significant adverse events."

Conflict of Interest: "No conflicts of interest declared."

Moustafa, A.M. (2010). Light and Electron Microscopic Study of Thoracic Aorta in Premature Menopause-Induced Rats and the Possible Protective Role of Ginger. Egyptian Journal of Histology, 33(1).

Publication Date: "March 2010."

Peer Reviewed: "Yes."

Study Design: "This is a quasi-experimental study."

Methodology: Thirty-six adult female rats aged three months were divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group underwent bilateral ovariectomy and was further divided into two subgroups: one fed a normal diet and the other a ginger-enriched diet (500 mg/kg body weight) for 6 months. Specimens from the thoracic aorta were examined by light microscope and scanning and transmission electron microscope.

Sample Size: "Thirty-six adult female rats aged three months."

Controls Used: "Control group: The animals (n=12 rats) were subjected to the surgical procedure without doing ovariectomy (Sham operated group)."

Dose Used: "500 mg/kg/body weight."

Statistical Significance Declared: "The mean intima-media thickness was significantly decreased (83.6 ± 7.4μm μm) (*P<0.001)."

Adverse Events: "No significant adverse effects were reported."

Conflict of Interest: None mentioned in the study.

Akullo JO, Kiage B, Nakimbugwe D, Kinyuru J. Effect of aqueous and organic solvent extraction on in-vitro antimicrobial activity of two varieties of fresh ginger (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum). Heliyon. 2022;8(9):e10457. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10457

Publication Date: "Published online 2022 Aug 28."

Peer Reviewed: "Yes."

Study Design: "The antimicrobial activity of extracts of (local and hybrid) ginger and garlic was investigated using the agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans."

Methodology: Plant material collected from Lira City market, Uganda. Extraction of ginger and garlic using acetone, ethanol, methanol, and water. Antimicrobial activity tested against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans using agar well diffusion method. Measured zones of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).

Sample Size: "Samples were packed in cool boxes in the 0.5 kg packages and transported to the Food biochemistry laboratory at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Kenya."

Controls Used: "Extract solvent was dispensed in the remaining two wells (negative control)."

Dose Used: "25 mg/mL" and concentrations of "15, 10, 5 and 2.5 mg/mL."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Susceptibility of the three organisms (S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans) to the solvent extracts differed significantly (P ˂ 0.05)." "MIC varied significantly among extracts against the tested microorganisms ranging from 2.5 to 10 mg/mL."

Adverse Events: None reported.

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare no conflict of interest."

Ballester P, Cerdá B, Arcusa R, Marhuenda J, Yamedjeu K, Zafrilla P. Effect of Ginger on Inflammatory Diseases.Molecules. 2022;27(21):7223. Published 2022 Oct 25. doi:10.3390/molecules27217223

Publication Date: "Oct. 2022"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Review"

Methodology: Review of current knowledge and summarization of studies on bioactive compounds of ginger.

Sample Size: Not applicable (review study)

Controls Used: Not applicable (review study)

Dose Used: Not applicable (review study)

Statistical Significance Declared: Not applicable (review study)

Adverse Events: None declared

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare no conflict of interest."

Maharlouei N, Tabrizi R, Lankarani KB, et al. The effects of ginger intake on weight loss and metabolic profiles among overweight and obese subjects: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;59(11):1753-1766. doi:10.1080/10408398.2018.1427044

Publication Date: "Published online: 02 Feb 2018"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"

Methodology: "We searched the following databases through November 2017: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The relevant data were extracted and assessed for quality of the studies according to the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Data were pooled using the inverse variance method and expressed as Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) with 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI). Heterogeneity between studies was assessed by the Cochran Q statistic and I-squared tests (I2)."

Sample Size: "Fourteen RCTs with 473 subjects"

Controls Used: "Placebo"

Dose Used: "Doses ranging from 200 to 3000 mg/day with duration of supplementation ranged between 2 and 12 weeks"

Statistical Significance Declared: "Body weight (SMD −0.66; 95% CI, −1.31, −0.01; P = 0.04), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (SMD −0.49; 95% CI, −0.82, −0.17; P = 0.003), hip ratio (HR) (SMD −0.42; 95% CI, −0.77, −0.08; P = 0.01), fasting glucose (SMD −0.68; 95% CI, −1.23, −0.05; P = 0.03) and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) (SMD −1.67; 95% CI, −2.86, −0.48; P = 0.006), and significantly increased HDL-cholesterol levels (SMD 0.40; 95% CI, 0.10, 0.70; P = 0.009)."

Adverse Events: None declared

Conflict of Interest: "None."

Rahimlou M, Yari Z, Hekmatdoost A, Alavian SM, Keshavarz SA. Ginger Supplementation in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study.Hepat Mon. 2016;16(1):e34897. Published 2016 Jan 23. doi:10.5812/hepatmon.34897

Publication Date: "Published online 2016 January 23"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial"

Methodology: "44 patients with NAFLD were assigned to take either two grams per day of a ginger supplement or the identical placebo, for 12 weeks. In both groups, patients were advised to follow a modified diet and physical activity program. The metabolic parameters and indicators of liver damage were measured at study baseline and after the 12 week intervention."

Sample Size: "44 patients with NAFLD"

Controls Used: "Identical placebo"

Dose Used: "Two grams per day of a ginger supplement"

Statistical Significance Declared: "Serum levels of the ALT in both groups had a significant reduction (P < 0.05), but it declined significantly more in the ginger group compared with the placebo group (P = 0.02)." "This reduction was significant only for GGT (P < 0.01)." "Ginger supplement compared to the placebo caused greater reduction in the levels of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) (P = 0.022)."

Adverse Events: "No severe effects were reported due to the ginger or placebo supplementation by the patients. Only one patient complained of mild headache and one of heartburn caused by the ginger supplements, both of which were resolved by recommendations of the nutritional consultants."

Conflict of Interest: "None."

Ernst E, Pittler MH. Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Br J Anaesth. 2000;84(3):367-371. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bja.a013442.

Publication Date: "Accepted for publication: September 1, 1999"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "A systematic review of randomized controlled trials"

Methodology: Systematic literature searches were performed using Medline, Embase, Biosis, CISCOM, and the Cochrane Library databases. A manual search was performed using bibliographies of studies and reviews. Data were extracted in a standardized, predefined manner. The methodological quality of each study was assessed using the scoring system developed by Jadad and colleagues. Statistical combination of data was performed for studies on postoperative nausea.

Sample Size: "Six studies met all inclusion criteria and were reviewed."

Controls Used: "Placebo"

Dose Used: "Ginger powder 1 g" "Ginger powder 250 mg four times daily" "Ginger 0.5 g or 1 g"

Statistical Significance Declared: "The difference between ginger powder and placebo was statistically significant (P < 0.05) 4 h after receiving the medication." "A statistically significant (P < 0.05) difference in favour of ginger compared with placebo was reported for the total number of incidents of nausea." "Significantly (P < 0.006) fewer patients with nausea were reported in the ginger group compared with the placebo group."

Adverse Events: "There were no reports of adverse reactions to ginger compared with placebo in any of the above studies."

Conflict of Interest: Not stated in the provided text.

Naderi Z, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Dehghan A, Nadjarzadeh A, Huseini HF. Effect of ginger powder supplementation on nitric oxide and C-reactive protein in elderly knee osteoarthritis patients: A 12-week double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Tradit Complement Med. 2016;6(3):199-203. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.12.007

Publication Date: "Published online 2015 Jan 28."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "A 12-week double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial"

Methodology: "This study is a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial with a follow-up period of 3 months that was conducted on 120 outpatients with moderately painful knee osteoarthritis. Patients were randomly divided up into two groups: ginger group (GG) or placebo group (PG). Both groups received two identical capsules on a daily basis for 3 months. Each ginger capsule contained 500 mg of ginger powder; the placebo capsules had 500 mg of starch in them."

Sample Size: "120 patients participated and were randomized."

Controls Used: "Placebo capsules"

Dose Used: "Each ginger capsule contained 500 mg of ginger powder"

Statistical Significance Declared: "After supplementation of ginger, a significant decrease was observed in serum concentration of CRP and NO in the GG, but not in the other group. At the end of the study, CRP and NO concentration decreased more in the experimental group than in the control group."

Adverse Events: Not explicitly stated in the provided text.

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest."

Rahimlou M, Yari Z, Rayyani E, Keshavarz SA, Hosseini SA, Morshedzadeh N, Hekmatdoost A. Effects of ginger supplementation on anthropometric, glycemic and metabolic parameters in subjects with metabolic syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2019;18(1):119-125. doi:10.1007/s40200-019-00397-z

Publication Date: "Mar. 22, 2019"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study"

Methodology: "Conducted on 37 patients with MetS. We supplemented the individuals with MetS with either 2 g per day ginger powder or placebo for 12 weeks. Biochemical and anthropometric parameters before and after the intervention were compared between the two groups."

Sample Size: "38 patients with MetS"

Controls Used: "Placebo capsules containing starch"

Dose Used: "2 g per day ginger powder"

Statistical Significance Declared: "The levels of triglyceride (TG), FBS, and insulin resistance were significantly improved in the patients receiving ginger in compare to the placebo group (P < 0.05)." "No significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding HDL (P = 0.31), LDL (P = 0.503), and total cholesterol (P = 0.39)."

Adverse Events: "No severe side effects were reported due to the ginger or placebo supplementation by the patients."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest."