Huntley AL. The health benefits of berry flavonoids for menopausal women: Cardiovascular disease, cancer and cognition. Maturitas. 2009;63(4):297-301. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.05.005
Publication Date: "Available online 10 June 2009."
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "Review"
Methodology: Review of both in vitro and animal as well as human studies.
Sample Size: Not applicable (review study).
Controls Used: Various controls used across reviewed studies.
Dose Used: Various dosages across reviewed studies.
Statistical Significance Declared: Various statistical measures across reviewed studies; p-values provided for specific studies within the review.
Adverse Events due to Blueberry Supplementation: No adverse events directly linked to Blueberry supplementation stated.
Conflict of Interest: "No interests to declare and no funding for this article."

Johnson SA, Figueroa A, Navaei N, Wong A, Kalfon R, Ormsbee LT, Feresin RG, Elam ML, Hooshmand S, Payton ME, Arjmandi BH. Daily Blueberry Consumption Improves Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness in Postmenopausal Women with Pre- and Stage 1-Hypertension: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115(3):369-377. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2014.11.001
Publication Date: "Available online 8 January 2015."
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial."
Methodology: Random assignment to receive either 22 g freeze-dried blueberry powder or 22 g control powder daily for 8 weeks. Blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and blood biomarkers were measured at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks.
Sample Size: "Forty-eight postmenopausal women with pre- and stage 1-hypertension."
Controls Used: "Macronutrient-matched control powder."
Dose Used: "22 g freeze-dried blueberry powder."
Statistical Significance Declared: "P<0.05 for group×time interaction" for SBP and DBP; "P<0.01 for within-group differences" in baPWV; "P<0.01 for within-group difference" in nitric oxide levels.
Adverse Events due to Blueberry Supplementation: "Noncompliance with the study protocol, claims of medical and health-related issues such as gastrointestinal complaints."
Conflict of Interest: The study was funded by the US Highbush Blueberry Council, which provided the blueberry and placebo powders used in the study.

Norris K, Juma S, Vijayagopal P, Imrhan V. Effect of Daily Blueberry Consumption on Body Composition, Physical Activity, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress in Postmenopausal Women with Osteopenia. [Internet]. 2015 Aug 30 [cited 2015 Oct 12]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11274/7017
Publication Date: "AUGUST 2015"
Peer Reviewed: No
Study Design: "This study was designed to recruit and randomize postmenopausal, osteopenic women and examine the effect of blueberry consumption on body composition, inflammation, oxidative stress, and physical activity."
Methodology: 40 postmenopausal women, 45-70 years, randomized into intervention (40g lypholyzed blueberry powder) and control (placebo mixture of fructose and dextrose) groups for 12 weeks. Body composition, serum specimens, and self-reported physical activity were collected at baseline, midpoint, and final assessments.
Sample Size: "A total of 40 women were recruited and randomized into two groups for 12 weeks."
Controls Used: "Placebo mixture consisting of an equal ratio of fructose and dextrose equivalent to the lypholyzed blueberry powder in appearance and calorie content."
Dose Used: "40 grams of lypholyzed blueberry powder each day."
Statistical Significance Declared: "There was a significant increase in IL-6 in the placebo group, which was not observed in the blueberry group."
Adverse Events due to Blueberry Supplementation: None stated.
Conflict of Interest: None declared.

Hodges J, Cao S, Lachcik P, Peacock M, McCabe G, McCabe L, Cladis D, Ferruzzi M, Martin B, Weaver C. Moderate Consumption of Freeze-dried Blueberry Powder Increased Net Bone Calcium Retention in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Crossover Trial. Curr Dev Nutr. 2020;4

. doi:10.1093/cdn/nzaa040_032

Publication Date: "Available online 29 May 2020"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "randomized crossover trial"

Methodology: Healthy women at least 4 years past menopause were dosed with 50 nCi of 41Ca and completed a 5-mo equilibration period for 41Ca deposition in bone followed by a 6-wk control period. Participants were assigned to a random sequence of 3 intervention periods, each corresponding to a low (17.5 g/d), medium (35 g/d), or high (70 g/d) dose of freeze-dried blueberry powder. The blueberry powder was incorporated into granola bars, spread, and drinks consumed daily for 6 wk, followed by a 6-wk washout period. Urinary 41Ca: Ca ratio was measured by accelerator mass spectrometry in 24-h urine collected weekly during intervention and every 3 wk during washout. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and calcium concentrations were assessed prior to each intervention. Serum bone resorption biomarkers and urinary polyphenols were measured at the end of each control and intervention period.

Sample Size: "Fourteen healthy, non-osteoporotic (mean bone mineral density t-score: –1.33) women completed the study."

Controls Used: "control and washout periods"

Dose Used: "17.5 g/d", "35 g/d", "70 g/d"

Statistical Significance Declared: "Net bone calcium retention increased by 6% in the low (P < 0.01) and 4% in the medium (P < 0.05) dose intervention compared with the control and washout periods.", "The high dose had no significant effect on net bone calcium retention (P = 0.19)."

Adverse Events due to Blueberry Supplementation: No adverse events linked to Blueberry supplementation were reported.

Conflict of Interest: No conflicts of interest declared.

Elks CM, Terrebonne JD, Ingram DK, Stephens JM. Blueberries improve glucose tolerance without altering body composition in obese postmenopausal mice. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015 Jan 22. doi:10.1002/oby.20926.
Publication Date: "First published: 22 January 2015"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "The effects of BB supplementation on obese postmenopausal mice using a chemically induced menopause model were examined."
Methodology: Mice fed high-fat diet or high-fat diet supplemented with 4% BB powder for 12 weeks. Body weight and composition measured, glucose and insulin tolerance tests conducted, serum triglycerides and adiponectin measured, liver histology and hepatic gene expression assessed.
Sample Size: "HFD cycling (C; n = 4), HFD+VCD injections (V; n = 6), HFD+BB+VCD (VB; n = 8)."
Controls Used: "Cycling (C), HFD+VCD injections (V)."
Dose Used: "4% BB powder."
Statistical Significance Declared: "Differences in results were considered significant when P < 0.05."
Adverse Events due to Blueberry Supplementation: No adverse events due to Blueberry supplementation stated.
Conflict of Interest: "The authors declared no conflict of interest."

Woolf EK, Terwoord JD, Litwin NS, Vazquez AR, Lee SY, Ghanem N, Michell KA, Smith BT, Grabos LE, Ketelhut NB, Bachman NP, Smith ME, Le Sayec M, Rao S, Gentile CL, Weir TL, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Seals DR, Dinennob FA, Johnson SA. Daily blueberry consumption for 12 weeks improves endothelial function in postmenopausal women with above-normal blood pressure through reductions in oxidative stress: a randomized controlled trial. J Med Assoc Am. 2023;22(3):145-152. doi:10.1039/d3fo00157a
Publication Date: "2023"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm clinical trial"
Methodology: Participants were recruited, screened for eligibility, and randomly assigned to either blueberry or placebo groups. They consumed 22 g of freeze-dried blueberry powder or placebo powder daily for 12 weeks. Endothelial function, hemodynamics, arterial stiffness, blood biomarkers, and plasma (poly)phenol metabolites were assessed at multiple time points.
Sample Size: "total n = 43, endothelial function n = 32"
Controls Used: "placebo powder (dextrose, maltodextrin, fructose, and artificial color and flavors)"
Dose Used: "22 g freeze-dried highbush blueberry powder"
Statistical Significance Declared: "Absolute FMD/SRAUC was 96% higher following blueberry consumption compared to baseline (p < 0.05)"; "changes from baseline to 12 weeks were greater in the blueberry group than placebo (+1.09 × 10−4 ± 4.12 × 10−5 vs. +3.82 × 10−6 ± 1.59 × 10−5, p < 0.03, respectively)"
Adverse Events due to Blueberry Supplementation: The study does not state any adverse events linked to blueberry supplementation.
Conflict of Interest: "There are no conflicts to declare"

Hodges JK, Maiz M, Cao S, Lachcik PJ, Peacock M, McCabe GP, McCabe LD, Cladis DP, Jackson GS, Ferruzzi MG, Lila MA, Bailey RL, Martin BR, Weaver CM. Moderate consumption of freeze-dried blueberry powder increased net bone calcium retention compared with no treatment in healthy postmenopausal women: a randomized crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2023;118(2):382-390. doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.05.033
Publication Date: "Published online 2023 Jun 1."
Peer Reviewed: Yes.
Study Design: "randomized crossover trial."
Methodology: OVX rats fed 4 doses of blueberry powder; human study with 50 nCi of 41Ca, random sequence of 3 doses (low, medium, high) for 6 weeks each, urinary 41Ca ratio measured by accelerator mass spectrometry, serum biomarkers and urinary polyphenols measured.
Sample Size: "Fourteen healthy, nonosteoporotic women."
Controls Used: "Compared with no treatment."
Dose Used: "A low (17.5 g/d), medium (35 g/d), or high (70 g/d) dose of freeze-dried blueberry powder equivalent to 0.75, 1.5, or 3 cups of fresh blueberries."
Statistical Significance Declared: "Net bone calcium retention increased by 6% with the low (95% CI: 2.50, 8.60; P < 0.01) and 4% with the medium (95% CI: 0.96, 7.90; P < 0.05) dose compared with no treatment."
Adverse Events due to Blueberry Supplementation: "One participant reported that the BB drink irritated a mouth sore, which was resolved by diluting the drink."
Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare no conflict of interest."

Du C, Norris K, Hanlon Y, Panth P, Imrhan V, Vijayagopal P, Juma S. Effect of Whole Blueberry on Bone Biomarkers in Postmenopausal Women with Mild-to-Moderate Bone Loss (P01-029-19). Curr Dev Nutr. 2019;3(nzz028.P01-029-19). doi:10.1093/cdn/nzz028.P01-029-19
Publication Date: "Available online 13 June 2019"
Peer Reviewed: Yes.
Study Design: "Randomized, double-blind control trial."
Methodology: 40 postmenopausal women with mild to moderate bone loss were randomized to consume 40 g of lyophilized blueberry powder or a placebo powder daily for 90 days. Plasma bone biomarkers and inflammatory markers were assessed at baseline, mid-point (45 days), and final (90 days). Bone density and body composition were assessed at baseline and final visits. FRAX was utilized to determine major osteoporotic fracture risk.
Sample Size: "40 postmenopausal women with mild to moderate degree of bone loss."
Controls Used: "Placebo powder."
Dose Used: "40 grams of lyophilized blueberry powder."
Statistical Significance Declared: "A significant increase of B-ALP was observed at mid-point in the blueberry treatment group." "A significant increase in IL-6 was observed at final point in the placebo group."
Adverse Events due to Blueberry Supplementation: The study does not state any adverse events linked to Blueberry supplementation.
Conflict of Interest: "Funding Sources US Highbush Blueberry Council and Research Enhancement Program at Texas Woman’s University."

Nosal BM, Sakaki JR, Mofrad MD, Macdonald Z, Mahoney KJ, Thornton SN, Patel D, Drossman J, Lee EC-H, Chun OK. Blackcurrant Anthocyanins Improve Blood Lipids and Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Healthy Women in Menopause Transition without Changing Body Composition. Biomedicines. 2023; 11(10):2834. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11102834
Publication Date: "19 October 2023"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 3-arm clinical trial"
Methodology: Recruited peri- and early postmenopausal women; randomized into control, low BC, or high BC groups; 6-month supplementation; measured fasting blood lipids, inflammation, oxidative stress, and antioxidant status; used repeated-measures ANOVA.
Sample Size: "Thirty-eight eligible peri- and early postmenopausal women aged 45–60 completed the entire trial"
Controls Used: "Placebo (control group)"
Dose Used: "392 mg/day (low BC group), or 784 mg/day (high BC group) for six months"
Statistical Significance Declared: "Significantly decreased triglyceride (TG) levels (p < 0.05)"; "Plasma interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was significantly reduced (p < 0.05)"; "Significant decreases in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels (p < 0.05)"; "Six-month change in oxidized LDL was inversely correlated with changes in catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (p < 0.05)"; "C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) change was positively correlated with changes in TG and IL-1β (p < 0.01)"
Adverse Events due to Blueberry Supplementation: The study does not state any adverse events directly linked to Blueberry supplementation.
Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare no conflict of interest"

Zhang J, Lazarenko OP, Blackburn ML, Shankar K, Badger TM, Ronis MJJ, Chen JR. Feeding Blueberry Diets in Early Life Prevent Senescence of Osteoblasts and Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Adult Female Rats. PLOS ONE. 2011 Sep;6:1-13. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024486.
Publication Date: "September 2, 2011"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "randomized controlled trial"
Methodology: Pre-pubertal rats were fed a BB diet either throughout development or between PND20 and PND34, followed by a non-BB control diet. All rats were ovariectomized on PND60 and sacrificed 1 or 3 weeks later. Bone parameters were analyzed.
Sample Size: "n=8 per group"
Controls Used: "Sham-operated animals"
Dose Used: "AIN-93G supplemented with 10% freeze-dried BB powder (10%BB)"
Statistical Significance Declared: "p<0.05" for various comparisons, including bone mineral density, bone mineral content, osteoblastic indices, and gene expression.
Adverse Events due to Blueberry Supplementation: None reported directly linked to BB supplementation.
Conflict of Interest: "The authors have declared that no competing interests exist."

Davicco MJ, Puel C, Lebecque P, Coxam V. Blueberry in Calcium- and Vitamin D-Enriched Fermented Milk Is Able to Modulate Bone Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women. In: Burckhardt P, Dawson-Hughes B, Weaver CM, eds. Nutritional Influences on Bone Health: 8th International Symposium. Springer London; 2013:373-380. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-2769-7_37
Publication Date: "01 January 2013"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "Controlled, randomized, double-blind placebo, prospective study"
Methodology: Fifty-six postmenopausal women (less than 6 years) aged 50–65 years, without HRT, were included after a medical examination and a blood test. Randomized into two groups of 28 subjects receiving either 0 or 120 mg of anthocyans daily, from blueberry extract.
Sample Size: "Fifty-six postmenopausal women"
Controls Used: "Placebo"
Dose Used: "0 or 120 mg of anthocyans daily, from blueberry extract"
Statistical Significance Declared: "Significantly improved serum bALP activity (an osteoblastic marker), without significant modification of CTX, a marker for bone resorption"
Adverse Events due to Blueberry Supplementation: No adverse events directly linked to Blueberry supplementation mentioned.
Conflict of Interest: None stated.

Ko S-H, Kim H-S. Menopause-Associated Lipid Metabolic Disorders and Foods Beneficial for Postmenopausal Women.Nutrients. 2020; 12(1):202. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010202
Publication Date: "13 January 2020"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "review article"
Methodology: Comprehensive summary of lipid metabolic disorders, dietary recommendations, and beneficial foods for postmenopausal women based on existing literature.
Sample Size: Not specified (review article).
Controls Used: Not specified (review article).
Dose Used: Not specified (review article).
Statistical Significance Declared: Not specified (review article).
Adverse Events due to Blueberry Supplementation: No adverse events directly linked to Blueberry supplementation were stated.
Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare no conflict of interest."

Li T, Wu SM, Xu ZY, Ou-Yang S. Rabbiteye blueberry prevents osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats. J Orthop Surg Res. 2014;9(1):56. doi:10.1186/s13018-014-0056-9
Publication Date: "08 August 2014"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "in vivo experiments on ovariectomized rat models"
Methodology: "Rats were divided into three groups; administered freeze-dried blueberry powder water solution or double distilled water for 12 weeks; blood samples, bone mineral density, bone histomorphometry, ALP activity, OPG level, mRNA expression levels measured."
Sample Size: "Thirty rats"
Controls Used: "sham-operated group (SG), ovariectomized model control group (OMG)"
Dose Used: "freeze-dried blueberry powder water solution (10%, w/w) for 12 consecutive weeks by gavage"
Statistical Significance Declared: "The ALP activity in SG and OBG was significantly lower than that in OMG (SG vs. OMG: p = 0.035; OBG vs. OMG: p = 0.041); OPG level in OBG was significantly increased (OBG vs. SG: p = 0.029); mRNA expression levels significantly higher in OBG (type I collagen: OBG vs. SG, p = 0.001; integrin-β1: OBG vs. SG, p = 0.001; FAK: OBG vs. SG, p = 0.001); BMD increased in OBG (total BMD: p = 0.028; pBMD: p = 0.036; mBMD: p = 0.045; dBMD: p = 0.042)."
Adverse Events due to Blueberry Supplementation: No adverse events directly linked to Blueberry supplementation stated.
Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare that they have no competing interests."

Fung TT, Chiuve SE, Willett WC, Hankinson SE, Hu FB, Holmes MD. Intake of specific fruits and vegetables in relation to risk of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer among postmenopausal women. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2013;138(3):925-930. doi:10.1007/s10549-013-2484-3.
Publication Date: "27 March 2013"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "Cohort study"
Methodology: Prospective examination of associations between specific fruits and vegetables and risk of ER− breast cancer among postmenopausal women using dietary data collected seven times over 24 years, with Cox proportional hazard models adjusting for potential confounders.
Sample Size: "75,929 postmenopausal women"
Controls Used: Adjusted for age, energy intake, alcohol, multivitamin use, BMI at age 18, weight change since age 18, family history of breast cancer, history of benign breast disease, physical activity in METs, and age at menopause and postmenopausal hormone use.
Dose Used: "At least one serving of blueberries a week," "at least 2 servings of peaches/nectarines per week"
Statistical Significance Declared: "The multivariate relative risk (RR) for every 2 servings/week consumption for total berries was 0.82 (95 % CI = 0.71–0.96, p = 0.01)," "the RR for women who consumed at least one serving of blueberries a week was 0.69 (95 % CI = 0.50–0.95, p = 0.02)," "the RR for consuming at least 2 servings of peaches/nectarines per week was 0.59 (95 % CI = 0.37–0.93, p = 0.02)."
Adverse Events due to Blueberry Supplementation: None reported.
Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest."

Sesso HD, Rautiainen S, Park SJ, Kim E, Lee IM, Glynn RJ, Buring JE, Christen WG. Intake of Blueberries, Anthocyanins, and Risk of Eye Disease in Women. J Nutr. 2024; ISSN: 0022-3166. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.02.028
Publication Date: "Available online 1 March 2024"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial."
Methodology: Semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) data on blueberry intake categorized, adjusted for self-reported risk factors, and multivariable hazard ratios calculated.
Sample Size: "37,653 and 35,402 women."
Controls Used: "Placebo-controlled."
Dose Used: "None, 1–3 servings/mo, 1 serving/wk, or ≥2 servings/wk, plus a combined category of ≥1 serving/wk."
Statistical Significance Declared: "Ptrend = 0.011" for total AMD; "Ptrend = 0.012" for visually significant AMD; "Ptrend = 0.022" for cataract; "95% CI: 0.73, 1.11", "95% CI: 0.50, 1.00", "95% CI: 0.14, 0.93", "95% CI: 0.47, 0.98."
Adverse Events due to Blueberry Supplementation: No adverse events directly linked to Blueberry supplementation declared.
Conflict of Interest: "HDS received investigator-initiated research funding from the United States Highbush Blueberry Council in support of this manuscript. HDS, I-ML, JEB, and WGC report financial support from National Institutes of Health. All other authors report no conflicts of interest."

Zou H, Ye H, Zhang J, Ren L. Recent advances in nuclear receptors-mediated health benefits of blueberry. Phytomedicine. 2022;100:154063. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154063.
Publication Date: "Available online 21 March 2022"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "This study reviews all relevant literature published in NCBI PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar by January 2022."
Methodology: Reviewed literature from databases with keywords: "biological activities" OR "nuclear receptors" OR "phytochemicals" AND "blueberry" OR "Vaccinium corymbosum."
Sample Size: Not applicable
Controls Used: Not applicable
Dose Used: Not applicable
Statistical Significance Declared: Not applicable
Adverse Events due to Blueberry Supplementation: None stated.
Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare no conflict of interest."

Kalt W, Cassidy A, Howard LR, Krikorian R, Stull AJ, Tremblay F, Zamora-Ros R. Recent Research on the Health Benefits of Blueberries and Their Anthocyanins. Adv Nutr. 2020;11(2):224-236. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmz065.
Publication Date: "Available online 22 July 2019."
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "Observational and clinical research, plus mechanistic research using animal and in vitro models."
Methodology: Observational analyses, clinical studies, animal studies, in vitro research.
Sample Size: Various, including specific numbers like "150 hyper-cholesterolemic subjects" and "115 participants with metabolic syndrome."
Controls Used: Placebo controls in clinical trials.
Dose Used: Various, including specific numbers like "Approximately one-third cup" of blueberries daily or "50 mg anthocyanins" daily.
Statistical Significance Declared: Various, including "meta-analysis of 6 studies" with confidence intervals such as "95% CI: 0.83–0.96" for CVD risk.
Adverse Events due to Blueberry Supplementation: None stated directly linked to blueberry supplementation.
Conflict of Interest: "RZ-R thanks the “Miguel Servet” program (CP15/00100) from the Institute of Health Carlos III (Spain) and the European Social Fund."

Ahmet I, Spangler E, Shukitt-Hale B, Joseph JA, Ingram DK, Talan M. Survival and cardioprotective benefits of long-term blueberry enriched diet in dilated cardiomyopathy following myocardial infarction in rats. PLOS ONE. 2009;4(11):1-7. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007975
Publication Date: "November 19, 2009"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "Male Wistar rats (Charles River Laboratories Inc., Wilmington, MA), weighing 225–280g, were housed and studied in conformance with the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, Manual 3040-2 (1999), with institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approval."
Methodology: Rats were divided into control and blueberry diet groups two weeks after coronary artery ligation. They were fed ad libitum for 12 months, with bi-monthly echocardiography and regular measurements of body weight, heart rate, and blood pressure. Post-mortem histological analysis was conducted.
Sample Size: "n = 27" (for each group)
Controls Used: "An additional 10 rats underwent a sham operation (SH) without actual coronary ligation."
Dose Used: "2% blueberry supplement"
Statistical Significance Declared: "p<0.01" (mortality reduction); "p<0.001" (MI expansion attenuation); "p<0.01" (MI size reduction in histological analysis); "group×time interaction derived from repeated measures ANOVA was p<0.05 and p<0.01 for EDV and ESV respectively"; "statistical significance was assumed as p<0.05."
Adverse Events due to Blueberry Supplementation: No adverse events directly linked to Blueberry supplementation were reported.
Conflict of Interest: "The authors have declared that no competing interests exist."

Whyte AR, Rahman S, Bell L, Edirisinghe I, Krikorian R, Williams CM, Burton-Freeman B. Improved metabolic function and cognitive performance in middle-aged adults following a single dose of wild blueberry. Eur J Nutr. 2021;60(3):1521-1536. doi:10.1007/s00394-020-02336-8
Publication Date: "03 August 2020"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "randomized, double blind, cross-over study"
Methodology: Participants aged 40–65 consumed a breakfast meal and 1-cup equivalent WBB drink or matched placebo beverage on two occasions. Cognitive tasks and blood draws before and at regular intervals for 8 h after each meal/treatment.
Sample Size: "Thirty-five individuals aged 40–65 years"
Controls Used: "matched placebo beverage"
Dose Used: "25 g freeze-dried whole wild blueberry (WBB) powder (~1-cup fresh weight)"
Statistical Significance Declared: "AUC analysis of the post-meal increments of 120 min indicated a significant reduction in glucose and insulin concentrations after WBB vs placebo beverages within the first 120 min after breakfast [AUC0-120, p = 0.03 and p = 0.01]"
Adverse Events due to Blueberry Supplementation: None directly linked to Blueberry supplementation.
Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare no conflict of interest"

Shukitt-Hale B. Blueberries and Neuronal Aging. Gerontology. October 1, 2012;58(6):518-523. doi:10.1159/000341101
Publication Date: August 16, 2012
Peer Reviewed: Yes.
Study Design: Analysis of randomized controlled trial, animal studies, clinical trials.
Methodology: Various, including; rats fed blueberry extracts or control diet; cognitive and motor functions assessed; human supplementation trials with blueberry juice; antioxidant capacity measured using ORAC assay.
Sample Size: Various, including "Small sample size" in human study, larger sample sizes in ongoing trials
Controls Used: Various, including "Control diet (AIN-93)", "control group"
Dose Used: Various, including "2% blueberry-enriched diet", "6 and 9 ml/kg blueberry juice for 12 weeks"
Statistical Significance Declared: Various, including "Significant increases in total reactive oxygen species," "Significantly improved in the blueberry-fed group"
Adverse Events due to Blueberry Supplementation: None stated.
Conflict of Interest: None declared.

Miller MG, Hamilton DA, Joseph JA, Shukitt-Hale B. Dietary blueberry improves cognition among older adults in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Nutr. 2018;57(3):1169-1180. doi:10.1007/s00394-017-1400-8
Publication Date: "10 March 2017"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial"
Methodology: Participants consumed 24 g/day freeze-dried blueberry or placebo for 90 days, completing cognitive and mobility tests at baseline, 45 days, and 90 days.
Sample Size: "13 men and 24 women"
Controls Used: "Blueberry placebo"
Dose Used: "24 g/day, equivalent to 1 cup of fresh blueberries"
Statistical Significance Declared: "California Verbal Learning test (p = 0.031, ηp 2 = 0.126)", "Task-switching test (p = 0.033, ηp 2 = 0.09)"
Adverse Events due to Blueberry Supplementation: No adverse events directly linked to Blueberry supplementation were reported.
Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest."