Butt MS, Pasha I, Sultan MT, Randhawa MA, Saeed F, Ahmed W. Black pepper and health claims: a comprehensive treatise.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2013;53(9):875-886. doi:10.1080/10408398.2011.571799

Publication Date: "14 Jun 2013"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Comprehensive Treatise"

Methodology: Cell-culture studies, animal modeling, literature review

Sample Size: Not specified

Controls Used: Not specified

Dose Used: "Piperine (50/100 ug/ml)", "piperine (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg body/day)"

Statistical Significance Declared: "Piperine significantly augments the oral exposure of fexofenadine in rats probably due to the inhibition of P-glycoprotein-mediated cellular efflux during the intestinal absorption."

Adverse Events: Not specified

Conflict of Interest: Not specified

Damanhouri Z, Ahmad A. A Review on Therapeutic Potential of Piper nigrum L. (Black Pepper): The King of Spices. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants. 2014 Aug 4;3:161. doi: 10.4172/2167-0412.1000161.

Publication Date: "Published August 04, 2014"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Review Article"

Methodology: Literature review, in vivo and in vitro studies, animal models

Sample Size: Not specified

Controls Used: Not specified

Dose Used: "Piperine at doses of 40 and 80 mg/kg", "Piper nigrum fruits at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, orally, for 21 days"

Statistical Significance Declared: "Administration of the methanolic extract of Piper nigrum significantly improved memory performance and exhibited antioxidant potential."

Adverse Events: Not specified

Conflict of Interest: Not specified

Srinivasan K. Antioxidant potential of spices and their active constituents.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2014;54(3):352-372. doi:10.1080/10408398.2011.585525

Publication Date: "Published online: 04 Nov 2013"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "This review considers all experimental evidences that document the potential antioxidant property of various spices or their bioactive compounds in in-vitro systems and in preventing the oxidative stress in laboratory animals and human subjects."

Methodology: Literature review, in-vitro experiments, animal studies

Sample Size: Not specified

Controls Used: Not specified

Dose Used: "Piperine treatment (10 mg/kg/day, i.p. for 14 days)", "Oral supplementation of piperine (50 mg/kg)"

Statistical Significance Declared: "Piperine was found to act as a powerful superoxide scavenger, with IC50 value of 1.82 mM," "52% inhibition of lipid peroxidation was observed at a dose of 1.4 mM, with IC50 value of 1.23 mM."

Adverse Events: Not specified

Conflict of Interest: Not specified

Vijayakumar RS, Surya D, Nalini N. Antioxidant efficacy of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and piperine in rats with high fat diet induced oxidative stress.Redox Rep. 2004;9(2):105-110. doi:10.1179/135100004225004742

Publication Date: "Accepted 19 December 2003"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Research article"

Methodology: Rats divided into five groups, fed different diets, measurement of lipid peroxidation, enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants.

Sample Size: "Thirty male Wistar rats (95–115 g) were divided into 5 groups."

Controls Used: "Control animals in group 1 were given only the standard pellet diet."

Dose Used: "High-fat diet plus black pepper (0.25 g or 0.5 g/kg body weight), high-fat diet plus piperine (0.02 g/kg body weight) for a period of 10 weeks."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Significantly elevated levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), conjugated dienes (CD) and significantly lowered activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH)."

Adverse Events: Not specified

Conflict of Interest: Not specified

Bang JS, Oh DH, Choi HM, et al. Anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic effects of piperine in human interleukin 1beta-stimulated fibroblast-like synoviocytes and in rat arthritis models.Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11(2):R49. doi:10.1186/ar2662

Publication Date: "Mar. 30, 2009"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "Report"

Methodology: In vitro experiments with fibroblast-like synoviocytes from RA patients, ELISA, RT-PCR, Western blot, in vivo experiments with rat models of paw hyperalgesia and arthritis.

Sample Size: Not specified

Controls Used: "Control mice," "corn oil treated group," "vehicle-treated arthritic group"

Dose Used: "Piperine was evaluated at doses of 20 and 100 mg/kg"

Statistical Significance Declared: "Values are expressed ± standard error of the mean (SEM). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs control group."

Adverse Events: "Rats did not exhibit any adverse effects and they survived throughout the experiments."

Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare that they have no competing interests."

Umar S, Golam Sarwar AH, Umar K, et al. Piperine ameliorates oxidative stress, inflammation and histological outcome in collagen induced arthritis.Cell Immunol. 2013;284(1-2):51-59. doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.07.004

Publication Date: "Published 19 July 2013."

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "The aim of this work was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic effects of piperine."

Methodology: Arthritis induced in rats by collagen induced arthritis (CIA) method, piperine administered at 100 mg/kg, biochemical and histological assessments.

Sample Size: "All rats were randomly assigned to four groups of six animals each."

Controls Used: "The first group served as control (C)."

Dose Used: "Piperine was administered at a dose of 100 mg kg−1 and indomethacin at 1 mg kg−1 body weight once daily for 21 days."

Statistical Significance Declared: "A significant increase (p < 0.001) in TBARS level was observed in CIA group when compared to the control group."

Adverse Events: "Rats did not exhibit any adverse effects and they survived throughout the experiments."

Conflict of Interest: "The Author(s) declare(s) that they have no conflict of interest."

Kim SH, Lee YC. Piperine inhibits eosinophil infiltration and airway hyperresponsiveness by suppressing T cell activity and Th2 cytokine production in the ovalbumin-induced asthma model.J Pharm Pharmacol. 2009;61(3):353-359. doi:10.1211/jpp/61.03.0010

Publication Date: "First published: 08 January 2010"

Peer Reviewed: Yes

Study Design: "This study aimed to investigate the effect of piperine on airway hyper-responsiveness, pulmonary eosinophilic infiltration, various immune cell phenotypes, Th2 cytokine production, immunoglobulin E and histamine production in a murine model of asthma."

Methodology: Asthma induced in Balb/c mice by ovalbumin sensitization and inhalation, piperine administered 5 times a week for 8 weeks, airway hyperresponsiveness measured, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, lung cells and serum collected for analysis.

Sample Size: Not specified

Controls Used: "Control (ovalbumin inhalation + vehicle)"

Dose Used: "Piperine (4.5 and 2.25 mg/kg) was orally administered 5 times a week for 8 weeks."

Statistical Significance Declared: "Piperine treatment resulted in a significant (P < 0.01, P < 0.05) decrease in methacholine-induced airway hyperresponsiveness."

Adverse Events: Not specified

Conflict of Interest: Not specified