Najafi H, Firouzifar MR, Shafaat O, Changizi Ashtiyani S, Hosseini N. Protective effects of Tribulus terrestris L extract against acute kidney injury induced by reperfusion injury in rats. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2014;8(4):292-298.

Publication Date: "July 1, 2014"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "Experimental study"
Methodology: Ten male Sprague-Dawley rats in the AKI and 10 in the Tribulus terrestris groups received the extract solvent and extract of the plant (11 mg/kg), respectively, for 13 days (oral administration). On day 14, ischemia for 30 minutes and reperfusion for 24 hours were induced. Plasma urea nitrogen, creatinine, and electrolyte concentrations were measured. Kidney tissues were collected for measuring oxidative stress and histological studies.
Sample Size: "40 male Sprague-Dawley rats"
Controls Used: "Sham operation group and a control group with normal diet and no operation."
Dose Used: "11 mg/kg"
Statistical Significance Declared: "P < .001 in comparison with the AKI group"; "P < .01 in comparison with the sham group"
Adverse Events due to Bindii Supplementation: Not stated directly in the study.
Conflict of Interest: "None declared."

Reshma PL, Lekshmi VS, Sankar V, Raghu KG. Tribulus terrestris (Linn.) Attenuates Cellular Alterations Induced by Ischemia in H9c2 Cells Via Antioxidant Potential. Phytother Res. 2015;29(6):933-943. doi:10.1002/ptr.5336

Publication Date: "08 April 2015"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "In vitro model of cardiac ischemia using H9c2 cells."
Methodology: HPLC analysis, MTT assay, LDH release assay, ROS generation analysis using H2DCFDA and FACS, superoxide generation analysis using DHE, DNA damage protection assay, analysis of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and mPTP opening using JC-1 dye and calcein-CoCl2 staining, cell death analysis by Annexin V/PI staining.
Sample Size: "H9c2 cells were seeded in 96-well black plates, at a density of 5 × 103 cells per well."
Controls Used: "Vehicle was 0.1% DMSO."
Dose Used: "TTME (10, 25, 50 and 100 µg/ml) for 24 h before the induction of ischemia."
Statistical Significance Declared: "p ≤ 0.05 was considered to be significant."
Adverse Events due to Bindii Supplementation: No adverse events related to Bindii supplementation were reported.
Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare that they do not have any conflict of interest."

Kavitha P, Ramesh R, Bupesh G, Stalin A, Subramanian P. Hepatoprotective activity of Tribulus terrestris extract against acetaminophen-induced toxicity in a freshwater fish (Oreochromis mossambicus). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2011;47(10):698-706. doi:10.1007/s11626-011-9457-9

Publication Date: "06 October 2011"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "The present study aimed to identify and quantify the flavonoids from T. terrestris extract using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and also evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of T. terrestris against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in freshwater fish, Oreochromis mossambicus."
Methodology: Fishes of uniform size and weight were divided into three groups and administered treatments orally. Tissue samples were prepared for biochemical analysis, histopathological examinations were conducted, enzyme activities were measured, and antioxidant studies were estimated. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance.
Sample Size: "The fishes were divided into three groups (one control and two experimental groups) of ten individuals each."
Controls Used: "Group I (control) with 0.09% saline."
Dose Used: "A single dose of acetaminophen (500 mg/kg body weight) + T. terrestris (250 mg/kg body weight)."
Statistical Significance Declared: "The levels of all these enzymes have significantly (p < 0.05) increased in acetaminophen-treated fish tissues." and "The elevated levels of these enzymes were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by treatment with T. terrestris extract."
Adverse Events due to Bindii Supplementation: The study does not state any adverse events directly linked to Bindii supplementation.
Conflict of Interest: No conflicts of interest declared in the study.

El-Shaibany, A. et al. (2016) ‘Anti-hyperglycaemic activity of tribulus terrestris L aerial part extract in glucose-loaded normal rabbits’, Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 14(12), p. 2263. doi:10.4314/tjpr.v14i12.16

Publication Date: "December 2015"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "randomized controlled trial"
Methodology: Animals randomly assigned to 4 groups (n = 5), treated with single oral dose. Group 1 received distilled water; group 2 was hyperglycaemic control; group 3 was treated with glibenclamide (5 mg/kg); group 4 received methanol extract of Tribulus terrestris L. (250 mg/kg). Glucose (5 g/kg) administered 1 h after drug and extract. Fasting blood glucose determined at 0 h, 30 min, 1, 2, 3 h after dosing.
Sample Size: "20 rabbits (900 - 1000 g) were used and randomly assigned to 4 groups (5 animals per group)."
Controls Used: "Group 1 served as normal control group and received distilled water; group 2 served as hyperglycaemic control."
Dose Used: "250 mg/kg"
Statistical Significance Declared: "p < 0.05" for within-group comparisons at 2 and 3 h; "p < 0.05, p < 0.001" for between-group comparisons at 1, 2, and 3 h.
Adverse Events due to Bindii Supplementation: "There were no toxic symptoms or mortality observed in any animals, which lived up to 14 days, following the administration of the methanol extract of the aerial parts of T. terrestris at a single dose level of 2 g/kg body weight."
Conflict of Interest: "This research project was supported by a grant from the “Research Center of the Female Scientific and Medical Colleges”, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University."

Fatima L, Sultana A. Efficacy of Tribulus terrestris L. (fruits) in menopausal transition symptoms: A randomized placebo-controlled study. Advances in Integrative Medicine. 2017;4(2):56-65. doi:10.1016/j.aimed.2017.04.005

Publication Date: "August 2017"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "A prospective, single-blind, single center, simple randomized, placebo-controlled parallel study."
Methodology: Participants reported fortnightly for 8 weeks, taking 3g of Tribulus or placebo twice daily. Symptoms and side effects were recorded, and various clinical tests were performed.
Sample Size: "n = 60"
Controls Used: "Placebo group"
Dose Used: "3 g powder of Tribulus or placebo twice daily for 8 weeks"
Statistical Significance Declared: "P < 0.001"
Adverse Events due to Bindii Supplementation: "No side effects have been clinically reported."
Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare that they have no competing interests."

Goranova TE, Bozhanov SS, Lozanov VS, Mitev VI, Kaneva RP, Georgieva EI. Changes in gene expression of CXCR4, CCR7 and BCL2 after treatment of breast cancer cells with saponin extract from Tribulus terrestris. Neoplasma. 2015;62(1):27-33. doi:10.4149/neo_2015_004

Publication Date: "2015"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "analyze the impact of saponin extract from TT on cell processes in breast carcinoma cell lines"
Methodology: Purified saponins from TT using ethanol and butanol extraction, followed by chromatography. Treated MCF7 and MCF10A cell lines with 90 μg/ml saponin fraction. Analyzed gene expression using real-time PCR.
Sample Size: "MCF7 and MCF10A cell lines"
Controls Used: "control cells were seeded at the same time as the cells that would be treated with saponins later"
Dose Used: "final concentration of 90 μg/ml"
Statistical Significance Declared: "p=4.5×10^-5" for CCR7 at 24h in MCF7 cells "p<0.05; ** - p<0.01; *** - p<0.001" for CXCR4 and BCL2 gene expression changes
Adverse Events due to Bindii Supplementation: Not stated.
Conflict of Interest: None declared

Lee HH, Ahn EK, Hong SS, Oh JS. Anti-inflammatory effect of tribulusamide D isolated from Tribulus terrestris in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Mol Med Rep. 2017;16(4):4421-4428. doi:10.3892/mmr.2017.7208

Publication Date: "Accepted February 27, 2017"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of tribulusamide D on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages"
Methodology: Used aqueous and ethanol extracts of T. terrestris containing alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, quinines, and phenolic compounds. Examined the expression of inflammatory genes using reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Quantified inflammatory cytokines using an enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay.
Sample Size: "RAW264.7 cells were plated at a density of 4x10^4 cells/well in 96‑well plates" and "1x10^6 cells/well in 6‑well plates."
Controls Used: "The negative control was treated with serum‑free media (SFM; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.)."
Dose Used: "Cells were treated with tribulusamide D (25‑100 µM) for 1 h prior to LPS (0.5 µg/ml) stimulation for 24 h."
Statistical Significance Declared: "Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. *P<0.05 vs. LPS‑treated cells."
Adverse Events due to Bindii Supplementation: Not reported directly in the study; cell viability was not significantly decreased at concentrations of tribulusamide D up to 100 µM.
Conflict of Interest: None declared

Kang SY, Jung HW, Nam JH, et al. Effects of the Fruit Extract of Tribulus terrestris on Skin Inflammation in Mice with Oxazolone-Induced Atopic Dermatitis through Regulation of Calcium Channels, Orai-1 and TRPV3, and Mast Cell Activation. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:8312946. doi:10.1155/2017/8312946

Publication Date: "14 November 2017"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "in vivo study through application of TF extract and/or hydrocortisone in low dose."
Methodology: TF extract prepared with 30% ethanol. Applied 1% TF extract with or without 0.1% HC to the back skin of mice daily for 24 days. Measurements included TWEL, symptom scores, histological changes, immunohistochemistry, whole-cell patch clamp study, β-hexosaminidase release assay, and HPLC analysis.
Sample Size: "8 mice were put into each group, including the normal group, AD-induced control group, 1% TF extract-applied group, 1% TF extract with 0.1% hydrocortisone- (HC-) applied group, and 1% HC-applied group as a positive control."
Controls Used: "normal group, AD-induced control group, 1% TF extract-applied group, 1% TF extract with 0.1% hydrocortisone- (HC-) applied group, and 1% HC-applied group as a positive control."
Dose Used: "1% TF extract with or without 0.1% HC"
Statistical Significance Declared: "Symptom scores were significantly elevated in the AD control group (P < 0.001) compared to the normal group. An application of 1% TF extract with 0.1% HC on the dorsal skin of AD mice significantly (P < 0.001) reduced symptom scores compared to the control group." "Treatment with 1 mg/mL of TF extract significantly (P < 0.01) increased ITRPV3 activation to 37 ± 0.12% (−100 mV) compared to 2-APB-treated current."
Adverse Events due to Bindii Supplementation: "The genotoxic effect of TF extract at the high concentrations in cultured peripheral human lymphocytes has been reported." (Not directly related to Bindii supplementation in the context of this study)
Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper."

Zhao WR, Shi WT, Zhang J, et al. Tribulus terrestris L. Extract Protects against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in RAW 264.7 Macrophage and Zebrafish via Inhibition of Akt/MAPKs and NF-κB/iNOS-NO Signaling Pathways. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021;2021:6628561. Published 2021 Feb 12. doi:10.1155/2021/6628561

Publication Date: "12 February 2021"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "We employed the transgenic zebrafish line Tg(MPO), which expresses green fluorescence protein (GFP) in neutrophils, and mice macrophage RAW 264.7 cells as the in vivo and in vitro model to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of BJL, respectively."
Methodology: Zebrafish fin transection and LPS injection models, macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line, Griess reagent for NO measurement, real-time PCR for mRNA expression, western blot for protein levels.
Sample Size: "Three DPF zebrafish embryos were distributed in a 12-well plastic plate with 10 embryos in each group." "RAW 264.7 cells were seeded in a 96-well plate with a density of 2 × 10^4 cells/well."
Controls Used: "LPS (0.3 μg/ml) without BJL treatment."
Dose Used: "Various concentrations (3, 10, and 30 μg/ml) of BJL."
Statistical Significance Declared: "###p < 0.001 versus the control group. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001 versus the LPS-treated group."
Adverse Events due to Bindii Supplementation: None declared directly linked to Bindii supplementation.
Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare no conflicts of interest."

Murthy AR, Dubey SD, Tripathi K. Anti-hypertensive effect of Gokshura (Tribulus terrestris Linn.) - A clinical study. Anc Sci Life. 2000;19(3-4):139-145.

Publication Date: "January, February, March, April 2000."
Peer Reviewed: Yes.
Study Design: "A clinical study."
Methodology: "About 75 patients of either sex, different age groups having non-complicated, mild to moderate (140-179 mmHg. Systolic and 90-109 mmHg. Diastolic) essential hypertension with the symptoms of headache, giddiness, insomnia etc. were selected for the present study form the outpatient departments of Dravyaguna and Medicine of S.S Hospital, Institute of Medical sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. The pregnant women and hypertensives who are associated with other diseases were excluded from the study. All the patients were randomly divided into three groups (A,B&C) having 25 in each. Clinical evaluation was made on the basis of proper history, physical examination and laboratory investigations of the individuals according to the clinical proforma of the study. All the patients were advised to take their routine diets but extra ghee, eggs, salt, etc were restricted."
Sample Size: "About 75 patients."
Controls Used: "Group C was treated as control in which lactose IP was given."
Dose Used: "3 gm/day in three divided doses in a soft gelatin capsule."
Statistical Significance Declared: "p <0.01" (for systolic and diastolic blood pressure reduction).
Adverse Events due to Bindii Supplementation: "without any side effects on the patients of mild to moderate essential hypertension."
Conflict of Interest: The study does not mention any specific conflicts of interest.

Kaushik, J., Tandon, S., Bhardwaj, R.et al. Delving into the Antiurolithiatic Potential of Tribulus terrestris Extract Through – In Vivo Efficacy and Preclinical Safety Investigations in Wistar Rats. Sci Rep 9, 15969 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52398-w

Publication Date: "2019"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: randomized controlled trial
Methodology: "Animals were divided into groups to receive either preventive or curative treatment, underwent kidney stone induction, and were then administered with various dosages of T. terrestris or cystone."
Sample Size: "The male rats were divided with matched body weights into six groups of six animals each."
Controls Used: "GP1 served as control."
Dose Used: "A single oral dose/per day was administrated to the animals of experimental groups."
Statistical Significance Declared: "A p value < 0.05 was considered to be significant."
Adverse Events due to Bindii Supplementation: "No adverse clinical signs, gross pathological changes or mortality were reported in the animals during acute oral toxicity studies."
Conflict of Interest: The document does not declare any conflicts of interest.

Li M, Qu W, Wang Y, Wan H, Tian C. [Hypoglycemic effect of saponin from Tribulus terrestris]. Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials. 2002 Jun;25(6):420-422. PMID: 12583337.

Publication Date: "February 11, 2022."
Peer Reviewed: Yes (based on the type of journal and publication details provided).
Study Design: "In-vivo animal models were utilized."
Methodology: In-vivo animal models used for evaluating Tribulus terrestris and Cumminum cyminium in treating sexual dysfunction through multiple tests including libido study, erection study, and sperm analysis.
Sample Size: "divided into 5 groups, six in each group."
Controls Used: "control groups included in each of the experimental setups."
Dose Used: "Tribulus terrestris (TT) at 100 mg/kg and Cumminum cyminium (CC) at 150 mg/kg body weight."
Statistical Significance Declared: "Significant difference values are exhibited at P<0.05 for comparison against diabetic control group by one-way Anova-followed by Post Hoc Analysis."
Adverse Events due to Bindii Supplementation: No specific adverse events due to Bindii supplementation mentioned; the study was on Tribulus terrestris and Cumminum cyminium.
Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise."

Akhtari E, Raisi F, Keshavarz M, et al. Tribulus terrestris for treatment of sexual dysfunction in women: randomized double-blind placebo - controlled study. Daru. 2014;22(1):40. Published 2014 Apr 28. doi:10.1186/2008-2231-22-40

Publication Date: "Published: 28 April 2014"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial"
Methodology: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, participants filled FSFI questionnaire twice, statistical tests used include General Linear Model, repeated measurement ANOVA.
Sample Size: "Sixty seven women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder were randomly assigned"
Controls Used: "Placebo"
Dose Used: "7.5 mg/day"
Statistical Significance Declared: "p < 0.001" for total FSFI, desire, lubrication, satisfaction, and pain domains; "p = 0.037" for arousal domain.
Adverse Events due to Bindii Supplementation: "Only one patient reported grade 1 abdominal cramp."
Conflict of Interest: None declared.

Tilwari, A. (2011) ‘Effect of five medicinal plants used in Indian system of medicines on immune function in wistar rats’, AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY, 10(73). doi:10.5897/ajb10.2168

Publication Date: "21 November, 2011"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "Full Length Research Paper"
Methodology: Animals were divided into groups, treated with different doses of plant extracts intraperitoneally for 7 consecutive days, and tested for immune response via phagocytic index, humoral antibody titre, and DTH response.
Sample Size: "Animals were divided into 11 groups consisting of 6 animals each."
Controls Used: "The control group received 0.1% carboxyl methyl cellulose."
Dose Used: "Group control: received (0.2 ml) 0.1% carboxyl methyl cellulose intraperitoneally (ip) for 7 consecutive days; Group I: received 1 mg/kg bw of T. Terrestris fruits (TTE) extract (0.2 ml ip) for 7 consecutive days; Group II: received 2 mg/kg bw of TE (0.4 ml ip) for 7 consecutive days;... etc."
Statistical Significance Declared: "Daily administration of 50% alcoholic extract of Abrus precatorius for 7 consecutive days produced a significant (p < 0.05) increase in humoral antibody titre at 1.25 µg, but no significant effect was observed at the higher dose of 2.5 µg/kg bw."
Adverse Events due to Bindii Supplementation: No adverse events due to Bindii supplementation were directly mentioned.
Conflict of Interest: No conflicts of interest were declared.

Heidari MR, Mehrabani M, Pardakhty A, et al. The analgesic effect of Tribulus terrestris extract and comparison of gastric ulcerogenicity of the extract with indomethacine in animal experiments. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1095:418-427. doi:10.1196/annals.1397.045 Publication Date: "2007"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "Animal Experiments"
Methodology: Male albino mice weighing 20 ± 25g were used. Methanolic extract of the fruit was injected intraperitoneally at doses of 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg. Analgesic effects evaluated using formalin and tail flick tests.
Sample Size: "seven animals"
Controls Used: "morphine (Daru pakhsh, I.R. Iran) with a dose of 2.5 mg/kg and ASA with 300 mg/kg were injected. Naloxone with a dose of 4 mg/kg was injected subcutaneously 5 min prior to the extract in order to determine the involvement of opioid receptor in the analgesic effect of extract."
Dose Used: "The percolated extract was injected intraperitoneally in mice at 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg."
Statistical Significance Declared: "P < 0.01" for the highest significant analgesic effect at 100 mg/kg, "P < 0.05" for some time intervals in formalin and tail flick test, "P < 0.01" for lower ulcer index compared to indomethacin.
Adverse Events due to Bindii Supplementation: "Doses higher than 400 mg/kg produced nonpharmacologic or toxic effects."
Conflict of Interest: "This research was supported partly by Neuroscience Research Center of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran."

Chhatre S, Nesari T, Somani G, Kanchan D, Sathaye S. Phytopharmacological overview of Tribulus terrestris. Pharmacogn Rev. 2014;8(15):45-51. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.125530

Publication Date: "2014 Jan-Jun"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "review"
Methodology: Various in vitro and in vivo pharmacological evaluations, literature review of chemical constituents, and traditional uses.
Sample Size: Not applicable for a review study.
Controls Used: Not applicable for a review study.
Dose Used: "5 g/kg" for diuretic activity; "2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg" for aphrodisiac activity; "50 and 100 mg/kg" for sexual enhancer; "100-300 mg/l" for fish; "800 mg/kg" for anticancer activity; "260 mg/kg" for CNS activity.
Statistical Significance Declared: Specific p-values not provided in the text, mentions of "significant" effects throughout.
Adverse Events due to Bindii Supplementation: "The gastric ulcerogenecity of TT is lower than indomethacin."
Conflict of Interest: "None declared."

Lima, S. et al. (2016) ‘Assessment of the effects of tribulus terrestris on sexual function of menopausal women’, Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics, 38(03), pp. 140–146. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1571472

Publication Date: "Published online 2016 Feb 22."
Peer Reviewed: Yes.
Study Design: "Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial."
Methodology: 60 postmenopausal women with sexual dysfunction divided into placebo and Tribulus groups; evaluated using SQ-F and FIEI questionnaires.
Sample Size: "60."
Controls Used: "Placebo group."
Dose Used: "One tablet (250 mg) orally three times a day for 90 days."
Statistical Significance Declared: "Desire and sexual interest (p ≤ 0.001)," "foreplay (p ≤ 0.01)," "arousal and harmonious interaction with the partner (p ≤ 0.01)," "comfort in sexual intercourse (p ≤ 0.01)," "vaginal lubrication during coitus and/or foreplay (p < 0.001)," "sensation in the genitalia during sexual intercourse or other stimuli (p < 0.001)," "sensation in the genital region (p < 0.001)," "sexual intercourse and/or other sexual stimulations (p = 0.003)," "ability to reach orgasm (p < 0.001)."
Adverse Events due to Bindii Supplementation: "Diarrhea (13.3%), nervousness (13.3%), dizziness (10%), and nausea (10%) in the Tribulus group."
Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare no conflict of interest in conducting this study."

Martimbianco, A.L. et al. (2020) ‘Tribulus terrestris for female sexual dysfunction: A systematic review’, Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics, 42(07), pp. 427–435. doi:10.1055/s-0040-1712123

Publication Date: "Published between 2014 and 2017."
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "randomized clinical trials (RCTs)"
Methodology: "We performed unrestricted electronic searches in the MEDLINE, CENTRAL, EMBASE, LILACS, CINAHL, PsycINFO, WHO-ICTR, Clinicaltrials.gov and OpenGrey databases. Data extraction was performed by two reviewers with a preestablished data collection formulary. The risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB) tool, and the certainty of evidence was assessed with Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE)."
Sample Size: "279 participants"
Controls Used: "Placebo"
Dose Used: "250 mg orally 3 times/day, 90-120 days" or "7.5 ml syrup, 2 times / day, 30 days (3.5 g of ethanolic extract per 5 ml of syrup)"
Statistical Significance Declared: "mean deviation [MD] 4.39; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.90–5.88 points" and "MD 16.40; 95% CI 7.67–25.13"
Adverse Events due to Bindii Supplementation: "One participant had abdominal cramps, but the authors did not specify to which group she belonged."
Conflict of Interest: "The authors have no conflict of interests to declare."

Vale FBC, Zanolla Dias de Souza K, Rezende CR, Geber S. Efficacy of Tribulus Terrestris for the treatment of premenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder: a randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2018;34(5):442-445. doi:10.1080/09513590.2017.1409711

Publication Date: "Published online 27 November 2017"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: "randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial"
Methodology: Participants were randomly assigned to receive either Tribulus terrestris (750 mg/day) or placebo for 120 days, with pre- and post-treatment evaluations using FSFI and QS-F questionnaires and serum levels of testosterone measured.
Sample Size: "A total of 40 premenopausal women (20 in the Tribulus terrestris group and 20 in the placebo group)"
Controls Used: "placebo"
Dose Used: "750 mg/day (three pills of 250 mg per day) of Tribulus terrestris"
Statistical Significance Declared: FSFI total score and domains (p < .001 for overall FSFI, desire, arousal, orgasm; p = .001 for lubrication, satisfaction; p = .030 for pain) QS-F scores (p = .012 for desire, p = .002 for arousal/lubrication, p = .031 for pain, p = .004 for orgasm, p = .001 for satisfaction) Free testosterone (p = .046), bioavailable testosterone (p = .048)
Adverse Events due to Bindii Supplementation: "No patient experienced side effects with the use of the medication and placebo."
Conflict of Interest: "The authors state explicitly that there are no conflicts of interest in connection with this article."

Ghanbari A, Akhshi N, Nedaei SE, Mollica A, Aneva IYA, Qi Y, Liao P, Darakhshan S, Farzaei MH, Xiao J, Echeverría J. Tribulus terrestris and female reproductive system health: A comprehensive review. Phytomedicine. 2021;84:153462. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153462

Publication Date: "Available online 8 January 2021"
Peer Reviewed: Yes
Study Design: Review
Methodology: Review of studies from scientific databases including Science direct, Pubmed, Web of Science, Google, Google Scholar, Researchgate, EMBASE, Scientific Information (SID), and Elsevier from 1998 to 2020, including human, in vivo, and in vitro studies.
Sample Size: "23 articles about the effects of T. terrestris on the female reproductive system were found."
Controls Used: Not specified in the provided text.
Dose Used: "Contractual doses of this plant range 250–750 mg/day taken in equal proportions various times a day."
Statistical Significance Declared: Specific p-values: "Mean scores in the test group at the endpoint were 4.3 (95% CI 5.9 to 2.7, p < 0.01), 4.0 (95% CI 5.4 to 2.6, p < 0.01) and 5.0 (95% CI 6.5 to 3.5, p < 0.01)."
Adverse Events due to Bindii Supplementation: "T. terrestris consumption in a young woman could cause hepatic failure." "Minor gastrointestinal side effects." "Acts as a diuretic." "Elevate testosterone, blood pressure, and growth hormone production." "Recommended patients using T. terrestris extract to avoid excessive exposure to sunlight due to the possibility of phototoxic reactions."
Conflict of Interest: "The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest associated with this work."

Tadayon M, Shojaee M, Afshari P, Moghimipour E, Haghighizadeh MH. The effect of hydro-alcohol extract of Tribulus terrestris on sexual satisfaction in postmenopause women: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Family Med Prim Care. 2018;7(5):888-892. doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_355_17

Publication Date: 2017.
Peer Reviewed: Yes.
Study Design: "Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial."
Methodology: 60 postmenopausal women randomly assigned to receive 0.9 mg T. terrestris extract or placebo for 8 weeks, assessed using the Larsson questionnaire, data analyzed by t-test and Chi-square test.
Sample Size: "60 postmenopausal women."
Controls Used: "Placebo."
Dose Used: "0.9 mg" (twice a day for 8 weeks).
Statistical Significance Declared: "P < 0.005" (sexual satisfaction).
Adverse Events due to Bindii Supplementation: "No side effects."
Conflict of Interest: "There are no conflicts of interest."